Hypnotic Melody in "Echo"

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Known to early-0th century historians as a prominent Victorian feminist, Christina Rossetti actually lived a quiet, conservative life that was greatly affected by her staunch adherence to the doctrines of the Evangelical branch of the Church of England. Two separate engagements to be married were broken due to religious differences. Rossetti was not able to overcome these disagreements with any potential spouse; she was never married and lived as a recluse for the last fifteen years of her life. Perhaps because of these obstacles in the path of her romantic life, a major theme demonstrated in Rossetti’s poems is the longing for true, lasting love. From an early age, she also suffered from several severe health problems, including a mysterious disease, which was diagnosed sometimes as angina and sometimes as tuberculosis. She was eventually to die of cancer at age 64. It is possible to speculate that because of her health problems, Rossetti constantly felt that her death was impending. This would explain the preoccupation she seems to have had with death and its potentials; in fact, she wrote several poems from the standpoint of someone already passed into the realm of the dead. “Echo” draws on both familiar themes of death and lost love. The elements of style prevalent in the poem are invaluable in conveying the dreamlike tone of the poem.

The first stanza begins with an invitation to the lover to return at night, in the form of a reverie. The stanza begins explicitly, “Come to me in the silence of the night;” (1) and repeats the request “come” at the beginning of each of lines one to three, and line five. The immediate and clear entrance of repetition provides a commanding introduction to the poem’s melodic tone. This instance, however, is the sole occurrence of repetition in the poem until the idea of death is introduced in the second stanza.

Another element of style introduced in the first stanza and continued throughout the poem is the prominence of assonance. Although not featured as heavily in the first stanza as in the last two, the effect of alliteration is unquestionable and significant. Among the most noticeable instances of assonance are the repetition of the “o” sounds in “O memory, hope, love of finished years.” (6), and the interlinked “o”, “i”, and “e” sounds in “That opening, letting in, lets out no more” (1). These occurrences serve the crucial purpose of linking their respective words, allowing the poem to become a fluid, collective piece. The profound effect of assonance in the first stanza of “Echo” becomes clear when one considers the alternatives. If, for example, Rossetti had chosen close synonyms in the place of several key words, the feel of the poem would have been quite different. “O memory, hope, love of finished years.” (6) might become “O remembrance, faith, desire for finished years.” While the meanings of the individual words are extremely similar, the tones evoked by the two lines are completely different. The altered line is choppy and does not flow at all. The original, however, is an entirely different story; the linked vowels create a smooth, streamlined, and indeed dreamlike mood.

One more component adding to the melodial quality of the poem is the distinct form. There are three stanzas; each stanza is composed of a quatrain with alternating rhyming lines (in other words, pattern ABAB) followed by a couplet. Rossetti constructed this piece in iambic meter of alternating lengths. In general, each stanza follows a pattern of three lines of iambic pentameter followed by one line of iambic trimeter. A line of iambic dimeter follows the line of iambic trimeter, and each stanza is concluded with a final line of iambic pentameter.




This pattern, however, is slightly varied in the second stanza. Instead of the pattern just discussed, both the second and sixth lines of the stanza (lines eight and twelve) contain an extra unstressed syllable, creating a feminine ending and departing from the overall masculine trend of the piece. Lines eight and twelve both introduce a rather somber aspect of the poem. Their reunion should have occurred in Paradise, says the speaker in line eight, implying that the two are destined for different afterlives. Not only are the lovers separated by their current situation, but apparently they will never be reunited, even in Heaven. Interestingly, Rossetti seemed to live her mortal life in such a way as to avoid this plight; extremely devout in her Anglicanism, she rejected two fianc�s because they were not “Christian” enough. The twelfth line creates a vivid and distressing image of one lover waiting inside the gates of Paradise, waiting for her loved one to enter; however, she can not exit to find him on earth. Both these lines illustrate the permanence of the lovers’ plights, and the departure from the overall iambic meter of the poem helps to accent this permanence.

The temporary modification of the meter is not the only change that occurs in the second stanza. A noticeable increase in the amount of repetition throughout the poem also begins in the seventh line. “Oh dream how sweet, too sweet, too bitter sweet,” (7) says the speaker; while the words of the first stanza are melodious and pleasant, this is the first indication that the “dream” of reuniting with her lover is impossible. The repetition of “sweet” alerts the reader to the poet’s hopelessness. While “sweet” carries positive connotations, “too sweet” holds a warning that something must be amiss; “too bitter sweet” provides an assessment of the dream that is definitely negative, although the reason is at this point unknown. It is difficult to miss the prominent use of repetition in the first line of the second stanza, and this use makes it also difficult to miss the change in attitude.

The repetition re-introduced here continues and gradually increases throughout the last part of the poem, ending with three lines entirely dominated by repetition. Rossetti writes “Pulse for pulse, breath for breath Speak low, lean low, As long ago, my love, how long ago” (16-18). The reiteration of “pulse”, “breath”, “low”, and “long ago” punctuates the lines; they seem to create a lasting image of the permanence of the lovers’ plight. The four phrases are repeated methodically, rhythmically, and utterly sadly. The repetition conveys an image of a person in a trance, whether it is the trance of sleep or that of death. While heartbroken by the turn of events that has befallen them, the speaker makes no effort to convey hope in the future. She knows that there is as little chance of reunion as she believes there is of changing the laws of Heaven and Hell.

Written in 1854, after her first broken engagement but before her second, Rossetti writes “Echo” in the form of a dream of a lost lover. Most notably, she makes use of a strict rhyme scheme, assonance, and iambic meter to create a lulling, melodic rhythm reminiscent of the persuasive dreams that are had every night, countless times across the world, by romantics dreaming that their former lover has returned. It is after the second stanza begins, however, that a heavy pattern of repetition becomes more obvious and the poem begins to take on a more sinister import. The reader recognizes that the speaker of the poem is not an average dreamer, but rather a departed woman longing for her former lover, who remains among the living. While the sounds of the alliteration and assonance that are prevalent throughout the poem contribute a sensual, dreamlike quality to the poem, the appearance of significant repetition in the second two stanzas punctuates and explicates the poem’s morose undertones.

References

“Christina Rossetti An Overview” http//www.victorianweb.org/authors/crossetti/crov.html

“The Dead Woman Talks Back Christina Rossetti’s Ironic Intonation of the Dead Fair Maiden” http//www.victorianweb.org/authors/crossetti/gpl1.html G.P. Landow.

“Love as an Influence on Christina Rossetti” http//www.victorianweb.org/authors/crossetti/rossetti.html. From The Romantic Imagination, C. M. Bowra. December 18.

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Minimum Wage

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Over the years the federal minimum wage standards have been changing, and over the course of this paper things will be told about the changes. The years will be a useful tool. As the years increased so did the minimum wage, and it is still changing today. Acts will be passed and facts will be spilled all over the pages, so lets get on with the entertainment.

In the year of 14, minimum wage was actually at 40 cents. They decided it should be raised to 75 cents and hour. Back then, that seemed like quite a bit of money. As the years went on that seemed that a pretty steady pay raise. Not long after that happening did the Fair Labor Standards decide to raise it again. Only 6 short years went by and the minimum wage was raised up to 1 dollar an hour. Which brings me to my next point, wage increase.

Year after year the wages continued to rise, less at a time but more frequently. In 161 it went from 1 dollar and 15 cents to 1 dollar and 5 cents in the same year. “The amendments extended coverage to employees of retail trade enterprises with exceeding $1 million annually, although individual establishments within those covered enterprises were their annual sales fell below $50,000.”(DOL WHD)From October 4, 18 to September 1, 17 the minimum wage factor was raised an entire $4.0. Now is that considered a good difference or not?

According to a newspaper in 16 “The present federal minimum wage is $4.5 an hour. Minnesota’s is $4.65 (Economist Newspaper Ltd.). There was a new bill passed from both chambers of the state legislature saying, “all corporations employing more than 0 people and taking more that $5,000 a year in state or local subsidies would have to pay their workers wages “at least equal” to the federal poverty level for a family of four.” The wages and benefits would probably equal about $7.8 an hour. Next, the living wages in America today.




Living wage is an issue we have in America today, we have it in our very own St. Paul, MN. Living wage was enacted on January , 17, and requires that the publicity of subsidized businesses to employ at least 60% of its city residents and pay them above minimum wages. The entire purpose for the living wage campaign was just to get it so that the people could improve all of the living standards that people in urban classes have to deal with. On to my next state, Minnesota.

“Proposals to create “living wage” jobs in St. Paul, Minnesota lacked “a basic business perspective” and would “convert St. Paul to a desert island by requiring more of a return on investment from companies than neighboring states and communities,”argued Steve Holupchinski, president of the local Chamber of Commerce (Economic Affairs Bureau). Yet another quote said by the chief political aide of St. Paul Mayor Norm Coleman, “The proposals are “the mother of all job killers” and a “bureaucratic nightmare.” After that, the supreme courts decisions.

On September 4, 00 the supreme court had declared an ordinance that New Orleans had been proposing with a 6-1 decision. The supreme court says, “State law prohibits local minimum wages” (Louisiana Employment Law Letter). If the local communities were to continue with the variations in minimum wage rates it would eventually lead to a statewide economic instability and decline. Next, employers of the next century.

In September of 001, employers were required to pay their employees 6.15 per hour or a $1 over the required minimum wage. If these employers did not comply with the law, “they could have been charged with a misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $00 for each day and each employee who wasn’t paid the higher wage” (Louisiana Employment Law Letter). This law was finally passed in New Orleans on February , 00. Following, Africa’s changes in the minimum wages.

In Africa, there was a little different fight about minimum wages, which included farmers. “The labour department will unveil the minimum wage level and basic employment conditions for farm works, following hard on the heels of the announcement of the minimum wage for domestic works” (Africa News Service). It is said that the minimum wage with be a disappointment for many farm owners. Finally, the minimum wage standards have changed.

The years have gone by and many things have changed. Maybe someday the minimum wage will be up to a decent enough way to help out people to be able to survive on it without getting a second job. The minimum wage laws will continue changing so the world will just have to change with it.





Works Cited

The Economist (US). “The wages of populism”.

St. Paul Economist Newspaper Ltd., 16.

Department of Labor. “History of Federal Minimum wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 18-16.

http//www.dol.gov/esa/miniwage/chart.htm

Department of Labor. “Wage Rates in American Samoa”.

http//www.dol.gov/esa/miniwage/americaSamoa/Asminwage.htm

Department of Labor. “History of Changes to the Minimum Wage Law”.

http//www.dol.gov/esa/miniwage/coverage.htm

Department of Labor. “General Information on the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)”.

http//www.dol.gov/esa/regs/compliance/whd/mwposter.htm

Department of Labor. “Questions and Answers About the Minimum Wage”.

http//www.dol.gov/esa/miniwage/q-a.htm

Department of Labor. “A Guide to adjusting commensurate wage rates as a result of September 1, 17 increase in the FLSA minimum wage”.

http//www.dol.gov/esa/miniwage/special.htm

Peschek, Joe. “A living wage? Campaigns attach strings to public contracts”. Dollars & Sense. Economic Affairs Bureau17

Ehrenreich, Barbara. “Nickel and Dimed”.

Henry Holt and Company , LLC. Copyright 001 by Barbara Ehrenreich



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Ethan Fromme "I never want to leave this hill"

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10. Discuss the implications of Maddie’s Statement, “I never want to leave this hill”.

Ethan Frome, written by Edith Wharton, is a tragic romance novel that takes place in the small and simple New England town of Starkfield. Ethan Frome, the main character of the story, faces many trials and hardships throughout his life in Starkfield. However, he has no way to escape these things because he is doomed to remain there forever. It all starts when his mother grows very ill and Ethan is forced to take care of her, and to look after the family farm. This is how Ethan meets Zeena Pierce; she was one of his mothers nurses, and also a distant family member. After Ethans mother passes away, he marries Zeena for lack of anything better to do, and with the hopes of fulfilling the emptiness in his life. Unfortunately, for Ethan, things dont work out exactly the way he had imagined. Five winters after the two are married, Zeena becomes a sick hypochondriac, and again, Ethan is forced to remain in Starkfield to take care of his sickly wife. It is during this time that Zeena hires Mattie Silver her younger cousin. Mattie comes to help Ethan and to take care of the house. Ethan falls in love with Mattie, and Mattie, who really understands Ethan, grows to love him as well. They both realize that they would be happy together, but they are quiet about their feelings, because they are afraid of Zeena.

At this point in the story Mattie and Ethan are not in a good situation. Mattie is in love with Ethan and Ethan is in love with Mattie and they are both miserable. Zeena has returned home from a doctors visit, and she has just told Ethan that Mattie must leave. Zeena feels that she has stayed long enough and that it is time to hire a new nurse to come and live with them. (I am suspicious that Zeena is aware of what may be taking place between Ethan and Mattie.) This news clearly rips Ethan’s heart out. He loves Mattie and is worried about where she will go and what she will do. The only true happiness he has found in his life has been with Mattie.

Against Zeena will Ethan insist’s on driving Mattie to the train station. The two of them drive off together. They stop at a store so that Ethan can buy Mattie a gift. This is truly symbolic of his love for her and his sadness that she is leaving. He picks out a red hair clip for her to wear. They are spotted out together by two of the town’s women. This is the first time that their love has become obvious to anyone in public, and it is clear that Mattie is uncomfortable about the whole situation. After leaving the store they make one last stop to ride a sleigh down a hill. Earlier in the story Mattie has expressed a desire to do this. They ride down three times. At one point Mattie says to Ethan “I never want to leave this hill” To me this shows the painful and miserable state that they are both in. This statement suggests that Mattie literally does not want to leave this hill..ever. Perhaps even wishing to die there. Upon their last shove off of the hill Ethan decides to ride in front of Mattie, which we all know isn’t very wise and dangerous. I could feel the pain and anguish going through their minds and hearts as they pushed off down the hill. The hopelessness of their situation becomes very real, and I can understand why they never want to leave this hill.




Of Course things never turn out as planned and they don’t die, they end up hitting a tree and becoming seriously injured. Ethan is paralyzed and Mattie was injured so badly that Zeena was now forced to care for her. I see such irony at the end of this story. Mattie did not want to leave. Ethan did not want Mattie to leave. Zeena wanted to be needed. So in all actuality they all got what they wished for.



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A Girl's Garden By Robert Frost

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Natalie Boyle

Dr. Ngenge

English 150

September , 00




The Elements of “A Girl’s Garden”

In “A Girl’s Garden” by Robert Frost, the theme expressed is the unique pleasure of a rural childhood, as well as the girl’s youthful exuberance about the garden she grew. The speaker is a neighbor of the girl, who is now an adult woman living in town. The speaker tells the story, attempting to convey the importance of the garden to the adult woman because of the joy she still takes in reminiscing about her experiences, regardless of the perceived success of her efforts. This is achieved by excellent use of tone, rhythm, and imagery.

The tone of the poem is consistently light and pleasant. From the beginning the girl remembers the experience fondly, as shown in lines -4 “likes to tell how one spring when she was a girl on the farm, she did a childlike thing.” The poem goes on to describe how the young girl asked her father for a garden of her own. The father’s response of “Why not?” and decision to give her a small, walled-off piece of useless land, as well as his comments in lines 1-16 suggests that he was humoring her because he knew it would be quite an undertaking. In lines 7 � 40 “her crop was a miscellany when all was said and done, a little bit of everything, a great deal of none”, the text at first seems to change tones. Yet the speaker ends the poem by reiterating the woman’s pleasure of telling the story of when she was a “farmer”. When taken into context with the rest of the poem, the tone has not changed. Regardless of the outcome, the theme is that the value was in

the learning experience and the pleasure the woman has even as an adult. The poem is mild-mannered and seeks to take the reader away from their daily life, as opposed to requiring heavy philosophic or morbid contemplations.

The poem is very rhythmic and melodic. It follows a prescribed pattern with every second and fourth lines rhyming. Each section is further divided into four line stanzas, with a similar amount of syllables in each line. The stanzas are not precisely identical, but close enough to allow a musical flow. The speaker reminds us of the age of the child using rhythm by describing her embarrassment at carting a wheelbarrow of manure down the road, which when hearing someone come caused her to run from “her not-nice load” and asking everyone for seed, resulting in her planting “one of all things but weed.” The rhythm continues to support the theme, as well as the tone. By following a clean, simple, and harmonious pattern it continues to evoke a sense of childhood reminiscence and does not obscure the message by being overly complicated.

Throughout the text, the imagery is brilliant, enabling one to visualize the setting, smell the country air, and empathize with the girl. In lines -10 “… an idle bit of walled-off ground where a shop had stood”, the speaker presents a clear image of the location of the garden. Other memorable passages refer to her pushing a wheelbarrow of dung, and planting “begged seed” ranging from potatoes, radishes, lettuce, peas, tomatoes, beets, beans, pumpkin, corn, and even fruit trees on her little patch of land. The word choice is descriptive, but not overly complicated, remaining in adherence to the tone and other

elements. This allows for the utmost impact possible because by allowing the reader to easily visualize what is happening, the events become much more interesting and creates feelings of empathy and delight at the girl’s progress throughout the poem.

Several factors are combined in the creation of a poem; among these are word choice, rhythm, tone, and imagery. These elements may be considered separately. However, for an optimum reading experience every aspect should blend together and complement the others carefully. Just as an artist chooses her palette or a chef seasons his recipes, the poet must consider each individual aspect and how it will enhance the whole poem. “A Girl’s Garden” by Robert Frost is a perfect example of how this is done effectively. The rhythm is steady and melodic, rather than contrived. The words chosen are thoughtfully put together in a way that evokes rich images, without becoming wordy or convoluted. The result is a poem that effortlessly accomplishes the simple purpose of telling a story, which is why “A Girl’s Garden” is still a timeless pleasure for readers and an inspiration to writers eighty-five years after later.



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Strategic Planning

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MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ESSAY 18/ The development of a strategic plan is essential to the achievement of organisational goals. Discuss. The development of a strategic plan is an essential part of strategic management accounting. If carried out to its full credibility the organisation will achieve its goals. It is important to note that the strategic plan is set for long term planning, as much as -5 years. It has been established that a strategic plan requires the specification of objectives distinguished between three key elements, forming a hierarchy the mission of an organisation, corporate objectives and unit objectives. These objectives are the first stage of the strategic plan, before the organisation has to ask, and answer, three simple but vital questions; 1) Where are we now? ) Where do we want to be? (long term) ) How are we going to get there? This is where we bring analysis such as SWOT analysis, the Boston matrix, the value chain and the Ansoff matrix into the plan. Corporate objectives relate to the organisation as a whole. They are expressed in financial terms, such as desired profit or sales levels, return on capital employed (ROCE), rates of growth or market share, and are normally measurable in some way. Formulated by members of the board, or directors to be handed down to senior management. United Biscuits corporate objectives in their annual report of 185 were; The most important objective remains the achievement of a minimum return of 0% on average capital employees, with a target return of 5%. Unit objectives relate to the specific objectives of individual units within the organisation, such as a division or one company within a holding company. The unit objectives for costain group plc in their annual report of 186 were; In the UK costain Homes is budgeted to sell 500 homes in 187, - a figure that will put it among the top ten house builders. Before the corporate and unit objectives are incorporated one must start with the mission, and the basic concepts which involve vision statement, mission statement, goals and objectives. The first thing is to establish the long-term strategic aims of the organisation, otherwise known as corporate planning. A vision statement would be drawn up first and is simply a vague sentence expressing the positive effect it will have on society and is often used to say how the world will become a better place due to the existence of the proposal(s). This is often linked with the mission statement, and some companies may even omit the vision and focus only on the mission. This emphasis more on the specific role that the organisation plans. It describes in very general terms the broad purpose and reason for its existence, the nature of the business(es) it is in, and the customers it seeks to serve and satisfy over the long run. The mission statement for international company Virgin is very simple, very brief but informative as to what they wanted to put across, and is simply; The directors aim to develop virgin into the leading British international media and entertainment group.4 Equally important are the goals and objectives. Firstly the organisational goals, the aims that the company strives to incorporate and achieve. These are a more detailed breakdown of what the mission states. They will be defined for different groups of shareholders. As one would expect, organisational goals are established for shorter time frames and are of unquantified sources. Goals can be a little ambiguous, they can be expressed in simple terms, for example, to make a profit, or in a wider area, to increase productivity. Therefore such goals can be taken for granted and so tell us little about the emphasis placed on the various activities of the organisation in meeting those goals. On the other hand one can say how vitally important they are. They provide a basis for planning and management control, guidelines for decision making and justification for the actions taken. The goals that the company set out in their report will be different to that received by the individuals, groups or departments of that same company. The goals will help to develop commitment of these people and so focuses attention on purposeful behaviour providing a basis for motivation and rewards. Fig 1 FORMAL GOALS Personal goals of managers INFORMAL Perceived goals of officially stated GOALS the organisation organisation goals Personal goals of other members of the organisation the reason and purpose of the organisation Figure 1 shows the different types of informal goals that lead to the overall formal goals of the organisation. Inter-linked with the organisational goals are the objectives. These can be interpreted as being the same as goals, but they do differ. The goals are the basis for the objectives and are quantified roles of the organisation. They set out more specifically the goals, the aims to be achieved and the desired end-results. As with the goals, the objectives too will be broken down into different sections within the company. The corporate objectives also need to be broken down into compatible and functional objectives, so as all departments can contribute their part in maintaining the overall specifications. Large companies would have to subdivide the organisation as a whole to make there corporate mission more appropriate. This can be achieved by splitting into functional areas or geographical areas, where the managers are made responsible for all of the functions carried out within their region. The most logical and relevant divisions for strategic planning purposes are called strategic planning units - (Subs). Subs are normally defined as being divisions of an organisation where the managers have control over their own resources and discretion over the deployment of these resources within specified boundaries, - their own mission statement and set of goals. The role of corporate strategic planning in this case is to define the overall corporate values and guiding business principles and to set out the limits of the business, which can be undertaken by the subsidiary units. Here we recall the three simple but vital questions mentioned earlier; Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How do we get there? To help us we start to incorporate analysis and other useful techniques. We start with the SWOT analysis, otherwise termed WOTS UP, which focuses on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organisation. By taking into account the constraints and opportunities, one can take a look at previous performance, competitors and the rest of the industry, in relation to the holders own company, and then of course one can do SWOT analysis; Fig INTERNAL STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES EXTERNAL OPPURTUNITY THREATS The strengths and weaknesses refer to the internal aspects of the organisation, comparing to the competition and the market place, - what the company is relatively good and bad at doing. The opportunity and threats relate to the external environment factors and the inter-relationship they have. Strengths are those positive aspects or competencies, which provide a significant, market advantage, where the organisation can build upon. This is simply to tell the present market position, size, structure, managerial expertise, physical or financial resources, staffing and skill, image and reputation and lastly the situation (for channel ports and motorways). Weaknesses are obviously the negative aspects in the present competencies or resources of the organisation. Its image or reputation limiting its effectiveness which need to be corrected to minimise the effects. Certain examples of weaknesses could be operating within a particular narrow market, limited accommodation or outdated equipment, high proportion of fixed costs, high level of customer complaints, poor marketing skills or a shortage of key managerial staff. Opportunities are favourable conditions and usually arise from the nature of changes in the external environment. Although the organisation needs to be responsive to the changes, it also has to be sensitive to the problems of business strategy. The changes being, new markets, technology advances, improved economic factors or failure of competitors. The opportunities offer the organisation the potential to develop existing products, facilities or services. Threats, the last in the SWOT analysis matrix. These are the opposite to opportunities, referring to unfavourable situations arising from external environment developments that are likely to endanger the operations and effectiveness of the organisation. One would include changes in legislation, the introduction of a radically new product by competitors, changing social conditions and the actions of pressure groups. The organisation has to be responsive to changes that have already occurred, and therefore plan for anticipated significant changes in the environment, being well prepared for such demands. One has to consider four fundamental issues that are addressed with SWOT analysis. Firstly, financial performance - allowing one to asses the current performance. Secondly, competitiveness - here it is vital to consider the non-financial factors which allow a company to resist competitive pressure, applying it successfully to others. Market input is next, and lastly external environment - these last two aim to highlight external factors, for example, potential constraints, via analysis of the external environment. This must take into account all relevant external environment factors. Once the organisation has completed the SWOT analysis, the question of where they to be in -5 years arises. To help with answering this the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) portfolio matrix will be introduced. This matrix identifies greater strengths and weaknesses by producing, again, four different types of businesses (or products), Dogs, Question marks (or Wild cats), Stars and Cash cows, and is shown in the following Boston Square; Fig Market growth and cash input High STAR ? Low FUNDS CASH COW DOG High Low Market share and cash generation The Boston square is based on a product life cycle and the coincidence of high market share with high profitability; Fig 4 Product Life Cycle question star cash dog mark cow The product life cycle assumes that the cost a unit drops as the volume of units produced increases as a result of improvements in the production process and economies of scale. A typical product developed from concept to market acceptance, through a period of high demand and eventual market decline. Of course not all products follow the same cycle, some never reach the market, and others have a different time scale at each stage of the cycle. Converting the four stages of the product into matrix form produces the above Boston square, giving four different characteristics, specifically chosen. The stars are those products with the best profit and potential, requiring hefty investment to become established products, which generate cash with minimum investment. The question marks, otherwise known as wild cats, are those products requiring a high investment for little return. Market growth is high whilst market share is low, initially funded by income from cash cows. The dogs are those obsolescent products which no longer merit further investment as the market share has been eroded by new developments or fashions. The whole idea of the Boston square model is to highlight that the strategic management of a product, or even a whole industry, needs to focus beyond internal factors to consider market pressures. It also stresses the need to re-invest income to provide long term sources of revenue. It is essential that four strategies emerge from this matrix. Firstly, to build - increase market share, turning question marks into stars. Secondly, hold - preserve market share, ensuring cash cows remain cash cows. Thirdly, harvest- increase short-term cash flow by using cash cows to fund other business products. Lastly to divest - eliminate those businesses whose use of resources is inefficient. It is also possible to use a different type of analysis, namely Porters five-part model, of the existing competitive position. The five parts are established as 1) buyer power, ) supplier power, ) entry opportunity, 4) substitute possibilities, 5) competitor rivalry. These five factors determine how attractive an area of business will be to a company. Fig 5 Porters five factors affecting current level of competition can also be successfully related to his later technique - the value chain, which comes under our third question - How are we going to get there? The value chain looks at the total value added by the industry and by the particular organisation within that industry. The objective of the value chain analysis is to highlight the objectives which contribute most significantly to the total value added and to develop strategies to improve on, or defend the current share of that value added which is gained by the organisation. Fig 6 The value chain Suppliers Organisation Customers Strategy and administration Research and development Design Production Marketing Distribution Customer service According to this concept every firm is a collection of activities that are performed to design, produce, market, deliver and support its product. Another development by porter in 180, is that competitive strategy splits successful strategies into three broad categories; Fig 7 Porters model of generic strategies STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE Low cost position Uniqueness perceived by customers STRATEGIC TARGETS Industry niche Overall cost Leadership Differentiation Particular segment only Focus To be successful across its chosen industry the organisation must either be able to supply the product from the lowest cost case in the industry or be able to command a higher price in the market by differentiating its product. It may not be positive to sustain either of these strategies across the whole industry and so it adopts its third strategic category by focusing on particular segments of the industry where it can command a sustainable competitive advantage. The last part of the corporate planning is the Ansoff product/market matrix. Competitive strategies should be the most precise level of strategic planning since they relate to actions regarding products and markets which are to be implemented to achieve the most specific objectives of the organisation. The organisation here could acquire or develop new products to sell its existing customers, mapped out in the Ansoff matrix. Fig 8 Ansoff matrix PRODUCTS Existing New MARKETS Existing Market Penetration strategy Product development strategy New Market development strategy Diversification The Ansoff matrix indicates the appropriate types of strategies which should be implemented depending on which box the organisation decides to select as its preferred method of growth. The fourth alternative that this matrix suggests is new products for new customers, otherwise described as a diversification strategy or questionable strategy, because it doesnt build on any obvious existing competitive advantage of the business. The other three strategies are examined by their relevant strengths and weaknesses. From all of the analysis shown, and followed with the full capabilities of management in achieving what was set out, one would be able to achieve the original organisation goals. It is possible to see that the development of such a strategic plan, through corporate planning, is a lenghty but well worthwhile for the company. We should note that strategic planning and strategic management accounting has become a vital part of a companies future.



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Workplace Violence

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“John! You’re going to be late for work!” his wife berated as he’s running out the door. Normally John doesn’t have a problem getting to work on time. But today is different. Nothing seems to be going right--like last night when he got a turkey sandwich for dinner instead of the steak he wanted. This morning he woke up late and had to rush himself to get ready for work. Events like these don’t set well with John. “Everything will get better when I get to work,” he thinks. John has an interview with the vice president of his company for a promotion this morning. He can hardly contain his feelings of happiness even with his previous misfortunes. Everybody at work has assigned parking spaces, and his space happens to be right in front of the building. As he is pulling up to his parking space, he notices that someone else has parked there. “Damn! Now I have to park in the visitor parking lot,” he hissed. Unfortunately, for John, it’s a long walk from where he parked. Making his way to the office building, he continued thinking, “Everything will get better when I get to work.” As he enters the vice-president’s office, he notices someone else sitting in the chair that he should have been sitting in. “Hello. I’m here for the 800 O’clock appointment,” he says. “Oh-uh, sorry, John, but we just found someone else to fill that position. At that moment every bit of rage that John has been holding back bursts out in a tornado of yelling and verbal slander. Nothing can be done to calm John down. Nobody knows what to do, so they just stand out of the way in fright. Allowing John to continue his fit of rage only makes the situation worse. He then pulls out a knife that he usually uses only for work purposes and turns it into an instrument of death. He runs around the vice-president’s desk, stabs him, and watches him die. Only if someone had done something to prevent him from getting to the point of murder, a life could have been saved. Scenarios just as this one demonstrate that workplace violence is real. Because workplace violence is increasing, employers and employees must find ways to prevent violence in the workplace and learn to deal with economical issues.

Increasing workplace violence has become a major concern for businesses. Throughout the United States workplace violence has caused tremendous amounts of injured or killed workers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found that an average of 0 workers are murdered each week. An estimated 1 million cases of nonfatal attacks occur each year (Violence in the Workplace 1). One article notes that “Eight percent of all rapes, 7% percent of all robberies, and 16% of all assaults occur at work” (“Preventing Workplace Violence” 1). “Preventing Workplace Violence”, an article in The Weintraub Newsletter, reports that employees or former employees are responsible for % of workplace assaults (1). This increase in violence can be caused by many different issues. One issue could be related to company change. Preventing Violence in the Workplace explains that when companies “down-size, reorganize, reengineer, and demand more of each employee”, they add higher levels of stress (Mattman ). Edward J. Tully, author of Workplace Violence�How Police Can Help, reveals that people find it difficult adjusting to “rapid changes in our workforce culture” (). Other issues are social problems, substance abuse, illegal drug scams, terminations, and poverty (Mattman ). As our society continues to grow, so will our issues, escalating violence. Obviously, increasing violence in the workforce is a problem that must not be taken for granted.

In order to decrease violence in the workplace, employers and employees must use preventative measures. New hiring procedures can keep potentially dangerous people out of the workforce. Screening procedures like background investigations allow companies’ access to criminal, employment, financial, and military records that could aid them in identifying a violent individual (Mattman 4). In addition to hiring procedures, a violence prevention program is necessary. First, a documenting system for violent incidents must be established. Once the information has been documented, it can be used to develop a necessary prevention program policy (Violence in the Workplace 7). One program issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration includes five “key elements”, which are “management commitment and employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention and control, training and education, and evaluation” (Health Letter on the CDC ). Probably the most ideal way to combat violence is through education. Violence in the Workplace explains that “training should emphasize the appropriate use and maintenance of protective equipment, adherence to administrative controls, and increased knowledge and awareness of the risk of workplace violence” (6). Richard V. Denenberg, author of The Violence-Prone Workplace, suggests that good mediation skills are “valuable” in response to a potential crisis by resolving the matter quickly (18). Stephen Skinner, President of Skinner’s Corner Store, suggests that a “zero-tolerance policy” should be set from day one. According to this policy, violence will result in termination from job (Personal interview). Mark Braverman, author of Preventing Workplace Violence, clearly points out that employees must learn to get more involved with company policies and procedures if violence is to be prevented (17-8). It is important that businesses use preventative measures to reduce the risk of violence, because it can only get worse.

Ultimately, businesses are financially weakened by workplace violence. This is caused by costly litigations and lost productivity. When a lawsuit is filed, responsibility often lies with the company to pay the out of court costs, which add up to a substantial amount. One case involved a postal worker awarded $4.5 million for being shot by a co-worker (Mattman ). “Workplace Violence Can Happen Here,” an article by Susan M. Heathfield, reports that workplace violence costs U.S. businesses “$6 billion per year” (). Lost productivity is caused by the “unavailability of the killed or injured worker, work interruptions caused by police and internal security investigations, damage to the facility, and decreased efficiency and productivity due to post-traumatic stress syndrome” (Mattman ). What is productivity without a solid reputation? Nothing if you ask the average businessman. People don’t want to be associated with an unfriendly environment, according to Stephen Skinner, President of Skinner’s Corner Store (Personal Interview). Having a bad reputation will decrease sales and productivity (Personal interview). Clearly, something must be done to safeguard American businesses from workplace violence. If they are left defenseless, future consequences are certainly at hand.




After reviewing increasing workplace violence, the need for violence prevention, and the economical hardships caused by workplace violence, one can clearly see that if immediate action isn’t taken to decrease violence, the economy of the entire nation will be in jeopardy. Fear should be erased from the workplace. Instead, a feeling of security and accomplishment should take its place.



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CHANGE IN WORKPLACE ATTITUDES

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HRM has expanded over the years from being the personnel department, which were only concerned with recruiting staff and keeping employment records. Now they have changed and become HRM practitioners, which are now concerned and deal with the employees throughout their entire employment cycle i.e., establishing, maintaining and terminating staff. Organisations change the way they manage their human recourses, as humans need change. As humans are the organizations main resources they cannot run without them and therefore they are forced to satisfy their needs and motivate them.

The change that is occurring at the organization tripac a car part manufacturer is downsizing and outsourcing. Tripac has downsized its entire staff including their HRM department and then has outsourced its staff via an employee-leading firm. During a change there are pressures, which are placed on organisations to change their HRM polices and procedures. These pressures include a change in attitudes, technology changes and changes in legislation. When technological changes occur the organization is forced to update their systems along with their skills. A change in legislation includes Industrial relations/employee relations, equal employment opportunity, affirmative action and occupation health and safety. The organization including their HRM need to be aware of these legislations as they could face legal penalties, for that reason they are forced/pressured to change the way they operate. An example of how HRM processes and procedures may change in an organization is when recruiting, due to the pressures of change it now has to consider the changes in employment packages and also legal requirements, i.e. EEO. Training can also change due to the change, that is when a change in technology occurs, staff need to be trained for the new skills required.

One source of change in Human resource management is a change in attitudes. The changes in workplace attitudes, forces an organizations HRM department to change these changes include industrial democracy and flexibility. Industrial democracy has changed employee participation in the workplace, which has made it a more decentralised structure in the workplace both directly and indirectly. Another area of change in workplace attitudes is flexibility, which refers to the staff and their ability to be flexible in the way they work.

Due to those changes mentioned an organization may change by for example management now needs to provide staff with specific needs. The structure and activities are also affected by the change. For instance the legislation of occupation health and safety, the organization may develop a safety department or person to be responsible for that area.




And also in relation to the change management styles and skills will too become affected. For example if management were autocratic it will need to change to become a participative or consultative style of management, and naturally with a new style of management new skills will develop or old skills will develop. I.e. a participative/consultative management will need to have good communication and negotiating skills, in order to involve staff. Employee involvement may improve as a result of the change as the employees are more motivated. They will feel more like part of the organization and also there may be an increase of positive attitude due to the management style change, which may mean that management is more approachable

After the change has occurred the effectiveness needs to be evaluated. The change in human resource management could be measured by such factors as productivity, the number of staff absences, profit and losses, and motivation and employee participation. The success of the change is measures by the key performance indicators qualitative and quantitative. It is important to produce both quantity and quality. For instance and organization concentrating purely on quantity without quality may result in having large amounts of rejects, and therefore will require rework, which is time and cost consuming.

The organization Tripac have used the indicator of productivity to show that the change has been successful. The indicator shows that they have made more than one million dollars within the change (outsourcing) and also their output has increased up to almost fifty percent. Tripac could also use benchmarking to compare its own outcomes with those that have also been in a similar situation. Tripac uses both qualitative and quantitative measures, as evidence it shows that their produce rejection rates have fallen thirty seven percent while their out put has risen.

Tripac has had a change in their human resource policy. They have outsourced its entire workforce, and no longer have a human resource department. There were pressures that were not in favour of this change aft Tripac. The union disagrees with outsourcing as they argue that the organization treats them as ‘second class labour’, that is they never get to see their employers. The disagree with the concept as the staff now do not receive extras that permanent staff receive, such as holiday pay, annual leave and sick pay.

The change was brought about at Tripac when they started loosing money, and by following the trend of the U.S, it outsourced its staff so they could now concentrate on producing instead of its human resources. As a result of this change their looses became profits. Certain activities have changed due to the change. The major change would be the recruiting, maintaining and terminating of staff, on account that it is now done by the employee-0leasing firm (Elblue) which acts as Tripacs HRM. The structure has also changed, as now the staff structure is now a more flexible workforce compared to before.

Overall the change at Tripac was effective and successful as it achieved its objective of turning its losses into profits.



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wanga

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Australian Drama and Theatre

The Seven Stages of Grieving, collaborated by Wesley Enoch and Dintrusive and murderous “white people.” In the Invasion poem, it dictates the events of a woman being raped whilst her mother is murdered and her children are taken away from her,

“One took a handful of my hair and led my head to their

knee… Together they ploughed my feet. My feet…. My




children stolen away… wrenched from familiar arms…

The protest of my mother’s mother cut short by a single

wave of a stick… Told not to what we have always done.”

This is a representation and it symbolizes all those people affected by the stolen generation. This poem carries a very powerful emotion which is not easy to express. The tick at the beginning creates a feeling of spaciousness and it makes it feel like time is being created. The poem is a reflection of past events an it is in a mellow but agonizing mood

A lot of information is given about Garry, Dave and Christine. They each have tragic pasts that give reasoning to their behavior and their personality changes and modifications throughout the course of the play. A problem with anger is Garry’s issue which is a result of his childhood. Garry never had good role models to show him how to love another human being. He missed the phase where you get is too busy trying not to get involved or attached. Love for Christine is ritual. she has sex without emotion or attachment and she distances herself from anyone she could call a friend. This could also be a result of the lack of love she received as a child. As the plot moves on, she learns how to open her heart to Dave and the baby, and even Sue-Anne. In the end, building the house becomes her escape route from being desensitized. She begins to feel and show her positive emotions not just her, “super bitch,” side. Dave is unable to stay in one place for any long period og time and the stay in the country on his burnt house was going to be the same. For Dave seeing the progression of

In conclusion, life and death are symbolic in the plays, Garry’s house and the Seven Stages of grieving as they bring people together to care and look after each other. The relationship between these Australian characters and their environments are varied depending on their background, marital status and their age. These relationships that have been formed have been portrayed through the emotions of the characters with aid of dramatic forms, styles and conventions





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Characters of Baile Beag

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The play’s most important scene takes place immediately after the interval. Yolland and Maire share an intimate moment having fled laughing from a dance. They express their love for one another without understanding the words either is speaking. It is a brilliantly written bit of literary theatre which blends theme and characterisation perfectly. It is also the clearest illustration of the clever gambit of having the entire play performed through English while expressing linguistic and cognitive distance between characters who are supposed to be speaking Irish (and Latin and Greek), and those who speak only the language linked by verbal association to the Imperial centre (the King’s English).

The scene also expresses a longing for understanding on more than just the obvious level. Throughout the first half we have seen tentative relationships develop despite the distances between characters. Following this scene, the play becomes darker, reflecting the historical reality of the events which followed (and of which the play was speaking metaphorically in the present) in which resolution becomes impossible. This moment is the pivot on which the drama turns, and it is beautifully constructed.

The play’s most important scene takes place immediately after the interval. Yolland and Maire share an intimate moment having fled laughing from a dance. They express their love for one another without understanding the words either is speaking. It is a brilliantly written bit of literary theatre which blends theme and characterisation perfectly. It is also the clearest illustration of the clever gambit of having the entire play performed through English while expressing linguistic and cognitive distance between characters who are supposed to be speaking Irish (and Latin and Greek), and those who speak only the language linked by verbal association to the Imperial centre (the King’s English).

The scene also expresses a longing for understanding on more than just the obvious level. Throughout the first half we have seen tentative relationships develop despite the distances between characters. Following this scene, the play becomes darker, reflecting the historical reality of the events which followed (and of which the play was speaking metaphorically in the present) in which resolution becomes impossible. This moment is the pivot on which the drama turns, and it is beautifully constructed.




By Me

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“Stripping the Whale”

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I chose the painting by Mark Milloff, “Stripping the Whale”. This painting caught my attention because of its barbaric nature. Mark Milloff got his inspiration for this painting from chapter 6, “Cutting In”. This chapter describes the state in which the Pequod and her crew are in while they begin to process whales.

The name of the painting, “Stripping the Whale” is very similar to the title of the chapter, “Cutting In”. The painting depicts the savage nature in which the crew of the Pequod kill whales and process them. There are four main members of the crew in this painting, all of whom are impaling whales with harpoons. The massacre pictured leaves little regard for the humanity of the whalers, intensified by the small whale fully skewed on a harpoon to the right of the painting.

While the gruesome slaying of the whales takes most of the action, in the very center of the painting is the giant hook with a slab of blubber hanging from it. “To this block the great blubber hook, weighing some one hundred pounds, was attached…with a few sidelong, desperate, lunging slicings, severs it completely in twain…the long upper strip, called the blanket piece, swings clear”(84). The slab of blubber being hoisted up is white, inducing a sense of innocence and purity belonging to the whales being murdered. This thin white slab in the middle of the painting is surrounded by darker colors. The Pequod, from which the whalers come from, is a dark brown, black color, resembling the power and evil with which the whalers carry out their mission.

The painting itself is very significant to the viewer, having the action depicted so close to the surface, fully engulfing the observer into the scene. Milloff created a realistic painting in which he was able to show some irony in the novel. Throughout the novel, the whale is spoken of as evil and corrupt, and whalers performing a respectful duty by ridding the world of such malignancy. In the painting, however, the whalers are shown as the barbaric, evil hunters unmercifully slaughtering as many whales as possible. This painting depicts the true nature in which the great




leviathon was hunted.

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Hate Crime and Violence

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Abstract

This paper looks at hate crimes as a projection of community theory regarding the media’s role in shaping public thought and how society views the crimes as whites against nonwhites event. Since there is little reliable data regarding hate crimes, interracial homicides were used to generate statistics on this study. The study concludes that nonwhite on white crimes are more common than white on nonwhite, and to some extent, nonwhite on nonwhite. Homicide (is?) perpetrated by nonwhite against white.

The terms “hate violence and hate crimes” first appeared in the Final Report of the Attorney Generals Commission on Racial, Ethnic, Religious and Minority Violence issued in April 186. It defined hate violence to be any act of intimidation, harassment, physical force or threat of physical force directed against any person or their property or advocate. (Run-on sentence) It is motivated either in whole or in part by hostility to their real or perceived race, ethnic background, religious belief, sex, age, disability, or sexual orientation, with the intention of causing fear or intimidation or to deter the deterrence of free exercise or enjoyment of any rights or privileges secured by the Constitution whether or not performed under color of law. (http//www.cahro.org/html/definition.html)

There is much historical evidence showing such violence is perpetrated by whites against non-whites. History has played a major role in influencing our way of thinking when it comes to hate crimes. Historical documents show that European people have treated numerous people of differing races cruelly. During the era of the Golden Triangle, when the slavery trade reached its peak, countless African people died en route to the new world, living in the condition of untold misery. The colonists’ mistreatment of indigenous people in the New World and Australia where many died through diseases and war. As a result, some tribes ceased to exist.




Even the Chinese and Indian cultures, with their advanced civilizations, were unable to ward off European influences. It is little known that other civilizations and races are equally guilty of this racially based violence and crime. For example, Genghis Khan invaded countless nations, plundering and committing nasty deeds to wipe out certain races to subject them underneath his control. The Japanese Imperialist occupation forces reputation for cruelty was infamous. In many cases, their deeds even exceeded Nazi Germany’s in committing acts of atrocities. Their crimes wiped out Chinese civilizations. However, those acts of hate were not documented. The documentation is by the European countries. History places the blame on racially based hate crimes to on the European and Caucasian people’s shoulders.

Hate violence and hate crimes often shock the public with such brutality and vivid details of how the victims suffered. It often frightens the public to the point where they will keep their children indoors and change their routine to increase their security. They assume that the hate crimes are on the rise. It often gets important figures such as politicians, celebrities, so-called “Civil Rights” activists, to name a few, to get involved and promote programs that tackle hate violence and hate crimes issues. Often, the programs promote that the white people as the main predators who victimize black people.

One example in Jasper, Texas in June 10, 18, 4-year-old father of three was walking home from his nieces bridal shower when three men with reported ties to white supremacist groups allegedly abducted him. Police say they chained him to their pickup truck and dragged him down an asphalt road, tearing off his head and his arm. (http//abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/hatecrimes80611.html)

Another example, the relatives of a nineteen year old black girl in Riverside, California who claim that she was shot 1 times by a white police officer as she sat locked in a car with a gun, demanded a federal investigation into her death after a coroners report showed she had died of two head wounds and a shot to her chest. The family is hurt and terribly upset about what happened, said Dwayne Miller, an uncle of shooting victim Tyisha Miller. We dont just want facts in two weeks. We want answers now, he said. Why would they shoot that many times? Relatives of Miller say she was unconscious when officers opened fire early Monday. Authorities had responded to a call that a woman was locked in a car at a gas station, unresponsive as relatives banged on the window. Officers said they opened fire when Miller grabbed her gun. Initially, investigators said Miller fired at officers, but they later said they didnt know who fired first. The officers involved in the shooting�four whites�have been placed on administrative leave. (http//members.aol.com/SalemsHope/racism.html)

Society is becoming more diverse in the term of racial, religious, and ideology and tolerance. Diversity becomes a prominent issue for peaceful co-existence between whites and non-whites. This concern is understandable since the population continues to shift in the USA. The white population will become a minority between 055 and 060 according to the US Census Bureau. At that time, the US will be a nation without a racial majority. The future of the nation as a country of minorities remains to be seen.

From that point on, it cannot be assumed that the white population will be the majority culture as preceptors of hate crimes and hate violence. In some areas, hate crimes are committed by the minorities against members of other minority groups, are more commonplace than hate crimes committed by whites against minorities. There are some cases of hate crimes committed by the minorities against the white population.

The research contests the media’s claims and publicity that white people are more likely to committed commit hate crimes than minorities. It is to separate the fact from fiction. Since crimes often take place interracially, it creates a complicated line drawn the difference between crimes and hate crimes. Thus, it seems that media “expect” minorities to commit crimes for survival while majorities(and certain minorities) commit a deep contradiction when it comes to hate crimes. Due to the strong history of racial segregation, slavery, and immigrant discrimination, it is easy for media to write reports blaming history on contributing the increase of hate crimes by majorities against minorities. Never mind the fact that the past is the past and nothing can change the past. Rather, it seems to emphasize hate crimes committed by the majority to demonstrate that the society has a long way to go before it can reach its equal opportunities.

However, is it accurate to portray this hate crime this way? As hate crimes against the majority (and minorities for that matter) by minorities become more commonplace, there are few, if any, reports that hate crimes are being committed. There are two things that need to put in mind the credibility of the media report (and accuracy) and the ratio of hate crimes committed by minority against majority (and minorities). We must apply the motto of “Truth shall set us free” for this. To keep society in denial about hate crime issues will only worsen the trend, and a reality check can only lead us to accept truth, leading the public and law enforcement agencies to take recourse against these small but rising trends in crimes.

This is a classic example of a hate crime that is not released by the public the Wichita massacre. On Dec. 14, 000, five friends in their 0’s were enjoying a quiet night in a Wichita townhouse when two gunmen burst in and held them at bay while searching the place for valuables. The gunmen drove the five to an ATM and forced them to withdraw money. Then they went to a soccer field. The gunmen raped the two women, and the five victims were forced to perform sex acts on each other. Finally, all five were told to kneel on the ground, and they were shot, execution-style. Jason Befort, Heather Muller, Bradley Heyka and Aaron Sander died. Beforts fianc�e walked naked and bleeding for a mile in the snow before finding help. According to police and prosecutors, brothers Reginald and Jonathan Carr committed the crimes on the heels of an armed robbery of a convenience store and the murder of a 55-year-old Wichita woman near her home. In spite of the outrage, the massacre has received almost no media attention since the media has declared that these stories are not newsworthy. It is a hate crime since the black gunmen made it clear that they are robbing them solely because they are white and chose to rape the ladies, proving their racial dominion over them by degrading and humiliating them before they murdered them. (http//www.amren.com/wichita/)

Yet another type of hate crime includes minority against minority. On April 10, 00 The Christian Science Monitor reported that when Larme Price, a black man, confessed to the three murders prior to a week ago, he said his aim was to kill Middle Easterners, in retribution for Sept. 11. In fact, only one of the four victims he murdered was from the Middle East. (http//www.gothamgazette.com/article/crime/000404/4/7)

If the a member of a minority group (consisting any races other from white) commits hate crimes, then another member of a minority group will more likely to be the victim. However, the ratio between aggressors and victims are more likely to place the majority being at the greater risk of being victims than aggressors, due the proportion of the percentage placing the majority at the greatest risk compared to the minorities with the greatest chance of being perpetrators. A chance to prevent hate crimes will take place with a hard look at reality. Thus, if this trend continues, minorities will be the major contributors to hate crimes against other minorities and the majority.

The object of this research is to identify and compare the race of perpetrator and the race of victim and to predict the shift in hate crimes as minority population grows. Since the publicity of hate crimes often focus on white people as the main perpetrator against minority victims, the information of the publicity need to follow closely with the statistics to determine the actual truth behind the hate crimes. It is more important to determine whetever minorities or whites are likely to commit hate crimes proportionally to the population. If hate crimes are committed by minorities against other minorities, the research will would determine which minorities would most likely to commit hate crimes.

Literature Review

In 15, law enforcement agencies began reporting to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) the number of known offenders of hate crimes. According to the FBI’s research methods, the total known offenders of hate crimes by race are 8,4, only 4,1 are white. White people made up 60 percents of the hate crimes. It must be understood that 75 percents of the population is white with the rest being minorities. The highest preceptor of hate crimes within the minority is black, making up for 6 percents of hate crimes (,). That is higher than in proportion to their population. Research on hate crimes is limited because it was only within the past ten years that the federal government began to distinguish between traditional offenses and those manifested by prejudice. Each state differs in the way hate crimes are reported and defined. Adding these limitations together, it is a reasonable assumption that the actual statistical information on hate crime offenders is inaccurate. Other reason hate crime research is limited is the idea that victims fear the criminal justice system is biased against his/her group as well. Another limitation on hate crime statistics is the criminal justice system stereotyping crimes as hate crimes because of the race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation of the victim verses that of the offender. This will cause some traditional offenses to be classified as a hate crime when in reality it may not have been. However, inaccurate information is commonplace, and even if this statistic work to perfection, it is likely that the data change would be insignificant. (http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecm.htm)

This article presents a descriptive profile of race-bias hate crimes in Los Angeles County using primarily law enforcement data collected during 14-17. Geographic information systems technology is used to map 1,87 reported bias incidents. Maps are created to locate clusters where hate crimes occur in relatively high density. Interviews and archival research were conducted in two cluster areas. Findings include the location of clusters and the racial characteristics of victims and suspects involved in the incidents located within clusters. While previous research has shown that hate crimes are usually perpetrated by individuals who are not members of organized hate groups, this preliminary study suggests we may find more frequent membership of perpetrators in gangs where hate crimes cluster. According this statistic, 100 out of 8 people who committed hate crimes are were white in 14, and 11 out of 57 in 14 commited hate crimes were white. The white population as preceptor of hate crimes decreased from 5 to percent in 17. There has been a slight decline in the number of reported African American perpetrators while there has been an increase in numbers among all other groups. The sharpest rise in the number of perpetrators has been among Latinos (a 5. percent increase) followed by European Americans (a 1 percent increase). While the percentage increase is greatest among Asian American and Pacific Islander perpetrators (50 percent), this somewhat misleading since the numbers are so small (an increase from two perpetrators in 14 to nine perpetrators in 17). By 17, the increase in the number of European American and Latino perpetrators is more than double the number of African American perpetrator. When combines the minorities as the perpetrator of hate crimes, it demonstrates significant amounts of the difference by an increase in 77 percent! It must be understood that this document is well known in southern California. Even the officials of Los Angeles acknowledge this alarming trend; it is still widely ignored by the media. It is a shame since it would not deter a hate crimes committed by the minorities in the future, which can contributes to more racial intension in the future. Just how much longer will we overlook these potential explosive issues? (http//lewis.sppsr.ucla.edu/1.pdf)

According to http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_00/00crime1.pdf, black populations in the USA are at the greatest risk of being a victim of the hate crimes, nearly to 50 percent out of 4,68. According to this survey, white people are the biggest contributors of hate crimes combined, nearly 60 percent out of 7,64. This includes both physical and property crimes. Despite this data, we cannot consider this information reliable. Firstly Hispanic offenders are classified as a white, which inflates the white offense rate and gives the impression that Hispanics commit no hate crimes. It is important to understand that Hispanics commit violent crimes at approximately three times the white rate. Second, it is important to understand that it did not include interracial crimes such as Asian on black murder, black on white robbery, to name a few as source of hate crimes are not include as source of hate crimes. This data needs to be dismissed as inaccurate and misleading.

According to http//www.amren.com/color.pdf, there is more black on white than black on black violent crime. In fact, each year, some 1. million violent crimes involving blacks and whites occur nationwide. In fully 0 percent of those cases, according to U.S. Justice Department figures, the perpetrators are black and the victims are white. Violent white felons choose black victims for fewer than percent of their attacks, whereas violent black felons choose white victims about 56 percent of the time. Of the approximately 1, 7000,000 interracial crimes of violence involving blacks and whites, 0 percent are committed by black against whites. Blacks are therefore up to 50 times more likely to do violence crime to whites than the reverse. Blacks committee violent crimes at four to eight times the white rate, Hispanics committed violent crimes at approximately three times the white rate, and Asians at one half to three quarters the white rate. Blacks are twice as likely as whites to commit hate crimes. Why this truth is not release to the public is beyond me. Things do not need to be more complicated by placing Hispanic population as part of white when they committed 40 percents of the crimes in the white population. Also, the wall of silence is now being established by the civil right agencies against those disproportional violence crimes committed by the black to the white. These numbers are staggering. If America were teeming with white racism, surely the perpetrators of interracial crime would be disproportionately white. Clearly, that is not at all the case, and this is a sad example of reverse discrimination.

I have gone through a complete research on homicide in Houston in ’7. Due to the difficulty of finding information on hate crimes, I choose a new alternative interracial crimes. It uses the dependent variable as race of suspect/offender with independent variables as location category of homicide incident; firearms were the homicide method, suspect age category, drug-related homicide, interracial black victim/white offender, and interracial white victim/black offender. Those populations are the representative of the suspects and their race. Their actions are directly related to the homicides drug, multiple, gang-related, disputes, to name a few. The data is specifically gathered from the city of Houston in 17. It is part of UCR (Uniformed Crime Report). This is just one of many data gathering methods in the USA to determine the act and reaction of crime rates. The unit of analysis is the suspect and their race. It is to discover what is the proportionally most common homicide committed by certain races. With this unit of analysis, it is to draw information with the application of homicide related situation with suspect age and interracial crimes between white and black. To achieve this relationship, I choose to use multi regression in the SPSS.

First, one must find basic information about those data. So far, there are 444 samples in this database with none of the missing from the samples. There are seven frequencies location category of homicide incident, firearm was homicide method, suspect age category, drug-related homicide, interracial�black victim/white offender, and interracial�white victim/black offender. Those independent frequencies are considered dependent of race of suspect/offender as a main dependent to reach the conclusion of this data.

Second, one must decipher the correlation between dependent (race of suspect/offender) and independent (the seven frequencies). Starring with location category of homicide incident and race of suspect/offender, the most common suspects in resident, business, street, park, parking lot, field alley, warehouse, other, unknown, and blank are black, leaving only the most common suspects in bar being Hispanic. Overall, the black population is the most likely to be suspects for murder. For the least common, suspects are resident, street, park, parking lot, field, alley, warehouse, other, and blank are Asian. Only “other” are the least common suspects in bar and business. Overall, Asians are the least likely to be suspects for murder. The value of the Pearson Chi-Square is 48.7 with degree of freedom with perfect signature value at zero.

Due to the greater suspects in black population, they dominate the cross tab in firearm was homicide method race of suspect/offender. With the highest numbers to answer yes and no being black, percentage will tell a different story. Proportionally, Asian people at 87 percent are most likely to use firearms to commit homicide compared to white people who are the less likely to use firearms as homicide methods at 66%. Out of 444, 1064 did not response to this sample. This concludes percents of the respondents. The total value in Pearson Chi-square is at 506.74 with degree of freedom being at 10. Again, this signature value is at a perfect zero.

Due to the greater black population, it dominates all the most likely to be suspect in the category of suspect age, with Asian population dominating the least likely to be suspect category. However, the fact remains that the ages between 0 to (for all races) will be the most likely to produce suspects with ages over 55 are the least likely to produce suspects. The Pearson Chi-square is 7.867 with degree of freedom being at 0 with perfect signature values.

For Drug-related homicide/race of suspect/offender, is probably the most unusual data set of all, and likely to be incomplete database. Since the black population is the majority of this database, it is proper to use percentage-wise. No single cases where there is a suspect offender is used in drug-related homicide in Asian suspects. The highest percentage of drug-related homicide, strangely enough, is the “others” in %, with a close second in black suspects being 7%. 1064 samples did not take part of this questionnaire, consisting of %. Just 5.401 Pearson Chi-square and 5 degree of freedom and There is one case of .154 signature values in linear by linear association in .154.

For interracial, black victim/ white offender with race of suspect/offender, other races participate in this sample, but since they are not from the race, they only need to put down ‘no’ to the proper sample. In this sample, we have seen that 15% of the white population admits to be the suspect committing crimes against the black population, comparing to 85%. Again, 1064 did not take part f this sample. There are 741.70 Pearson Chi-Square with 10 degree of freedom. Again, the signature value is at perfect zero.

For interracial, white victim/ black offender with race of suspect/offender, other races participate in this sample, but since they are not from the race, they only need to put down “no” to the proper sample. In this sample, we have seen that greater number of black population committed murder against white population but percentage being lower at 10% admits to be the suspects committing crimes against the white population comparing to 0%. There are 158.0 Pearson Chi-square with 10 degree of freedom. Again, the signature value is at perfect zero.

Finally, multiple regressions are used to conclude this database. Combining all of the independent with dependent, it is to reach to the conclusion whatever if this data is reliable. With exception of drug-related homicides, all of the signature values reach an astounding zero, concluding the reliability of the database. For the location category of homicide incident, the unstandardized coefficient “B” is 54.0. It increases, contributing significantly to this data. For firearm homicide method, it is a bit unreliable. Even with strong signature values, it decreases its reliability by -.417. As for suspect age category, it has proven accurate with .507. For drug-related homicide, the information is inconclusive with 4. with horrible signature values. For both interracial crimes with black suspect on white victim and white suspect on black victim, both of the date shares a strong similarity closing to .4 with interracial black victim/white offender being higher of the two. The R square is .70 indicating completes reliable of this data.

Discussion/implication

What I have found in the data is that it is accurate, and that there are strong correlations between interracial crimes and the race of the suspects. This can help to determine the accuracy and credibility of the research. It can open some of the population’s eyes that racial problems still continue to exist albeit in different form. Rather than direct hate crimes, there are crimes committed interracially. It is getting worse. The policy is to point out that NAACP should not have a final said say in this situation and let the statistic, not NAACP, to discuss the possible racial intension going on in America.

(New Paragraph) We must point out the statistic disproportation and weigh the consequences of near future of possible downright racial intension. We must be committed to gather leaders of both sides. It isn’t just that one side (white people) needs to change their attitudes about other races, it is also the other sides need to do that to establish racial harmony. Those statistics, while different from the previous research, help to determine the homicides between both races. Those numbers indeed happen. The future research needs to be more focused and down to earth. Rather than including Hispanic population as part of white when it comes to perpetrators, but segregating them as victims from white population, we must put Hispanic population as a separate category to understand the data more thoroughly. More information will help, too, especially the difference in interracial crimes such as robbery, rape, drug dealing. It must not be ignored any longer. To ignore this will possibly lead to epidemic of interracial crimes, which will only serve greater interracial between both sides, possibly expanding different boundaries of colors within the United States. Instead of United States, we may just call it “Divided States of America”.

Bibliography

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http//www.cahro.org/html/definition.html

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