irony

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irony

William Golding, the author of Lord of the Flies, used irony to tell his story of a group of young British boys stranded on a deserted island. The readers can clearly spot the irony in the dialogue and Ralph, one of the main character, is also aware of the irony in his situation. The irony in the novel forces the readers to step aside and think about the hidden meanings the author is trying to express.

The first example of irony occurred in chapter two. Jack says to the group of young, impressionable boys that Weíve got to have rules and obey them. After all, weíre not savages.(Golding )However, in the following chapters Jack is the leader of the tribe and encourages the boys to forget civilization and act upon their primitive instincts. They ignore the laws that they all have agreed to follow while on the island and commit heinous crimes against humanity, such as torture against both humans and animals, and murder. They no longer act like English schoolboys who are the best at everything, but like savages.

Relatively early on in the novel Ralph comes to terms with his situation. He realizes that much of oneís life is spent just keeping out of danger and staying alive. After understanding the complex, yet realistic, view of life he remembers his first impression of the island and how he thought they would have fun on the island, like living in one of his books. Now he




realized what life on the island would really be like.

There is irony in Piggyí s name. The boys hunt, kill and eat pigs on the island. Not only do they kill the pigs, they enjoy it tremendously. Piggyí s name suggests that he will be a victim of the beast. Not the beast the boys on the island fear, but the beast within each of them. The author is saying through Piggy that because they kill and eat the pigs they become the beast.

Ralph prays to the adult world to send them something grownup, a sign or something. His prayer is answered by a dead parachuter, a casualty of war from the fighting going on in civilized society. The dead man is powerless to help the boys. He actually causes more problems. He is mistaken for the beast and causes more fear in the boys and drives them closer to becoming savages.

Piggy often says that they act like a crowd of kids. He says to Ralph that grownups know things. They ainít afraid of the dark. Theyíd meet and have tea and discuss. Then things Ïud be all right. This is perhaps the best example of irony in the novel. It is because the adults could not get together and discuss their problems that they were stranded on the island in the first place. If they had been able to meet and discuss they boys would have never fleed their school and would have never been shot down, therefore avoiding ever being on the island.

William Golding used irony in Lord of the Flies as a way to make the readers step back and think about what he wrote. If he had not wrote the story with ironic twists and hidden meanings many people would miss the meaning of the book. The readers would be able to finish the novel without thinking about the issues that you are meant to ponder after reading Lord of the Flies, such as evil, spirituality, society, man versus the unknown, man versus himself and many other important themes in the book.

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George Orwell

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A Comparison between Orwells Concerns and methods of making his points with Swifts

A Comparison between Orwells concerns and methods of making his points with Swifts

Eric Arthur Blair, now more commonly known as George Orwell was born in India in 10, and his father was an official in the Indian Civil Service. Throughout Orwells childhood he felt a deep sense of isolation, a factor to later influence his writing. In 111 he was sent to a boarding school on the Sussex coast where he was distinguished by his poverty and intellectual brilliance.

He grew up a morose, eccentric boy and in 15, wrote of his miseries in an autobiographical essay, Such, Such Were The Joys.




Orwell won scholarships to Winchester and Eton. He chose Eton and stayed from 117 to 11, and during this time published his first writing in college periodicals. Despite being offered a scholarship to University, Orwell became an Imperial servant at Burma in 1, serving in a number of countries.Yet he had a desire to become a writer, and when he realized how much the Burmese were ruled by the British against their will, he felt increasingly ashamed of his role. He later recalled his experiences and reactions to Imperial rule in his novel, Burmese Days and in two autobiographical sketches, Shooting an Elephant and A Hanging.

In 17, Orwell retired his post and left Burma, choosing to live among the poor, outcast people of Europe. He resided for some time within the slums of England and France. These experiences were conveyed in, Down and Out in London and Paris where he voiced his concerns for those worst off in society.

Orwells politics as a socialist writer became progressively more anti-Communist and also patriotic. After his failing to enlist in World War II, due to grounds of ill health, Orwell joined the Home Guard and increased his journalistic output. He became the literary editor of the Tribune and as did Swift, contributed articles to many papers.

Orwell had a family life, and after the death of his first wife in 145, married Sonia Brownwell and moved to a Scottish Hebridean island also with his sister and adopted son. However, in 150 his health had gradually declined and Orwell died of tuberculosis a few days before hoping to visit Switzerland to improve his health.

Orwells first popular success Animal Farm was published in 145. It conveys political tyranny and its effects on a society. As the title suggests the novel is set on a farm, detailing the farm animals struggle with the farms manager to achieve an equitable, sharing and harmonious community. Orwells motivation lay within his life experiences and influences, as did Swifts. The two novelists had each experienced different forms of power and regime, yet both were able to express and convey the flaws of these authorities in different styles.

Today, Swifts novel would be unbelievable in the context that he wrote it. However, by using this approach, he managed to avoid political retribution. Orwell in comparison, expressed his views, but in an unbelievable style to add interest and amusement. I write it because there is some lie I want to expose, some fact to which I want to draw attention, and my initial concern is to get a hearing. But I could not do the work of writing a book, or even a long magazine article, if it were not also an aesthetic experience.

As with Gullivers Travels, Animal Farm can be read on different levels. It is subtitled a fairy story, drawing the readers attention to the artificial aspects, yet we know it is not a fairy story as there is no happy ending. The reader, by being drawn in has to look closer, exploring and interpreting the true intentions of Orwells writing. Orwell uses animals to make serious moral points. Another example of this is Aesops Fables where the characters do not behave naturally or realistically but are symbolic of certain human attitudes and ideas.

Although Orwell satirizes dictatorship and individuals abuse of power in general, there are many points the novel makes that correspond with the Soviet Union and events following the fall of the Tsar in 117. A few examples of this include many of Marxs ideas lying within Majors speech, the failed attempts to create an equal society, the disagreements between Stalin and Trotsky that correspond with the animals Napoleon and Snowball, and the increase of Stalins, and therefore Napoleons power, in the use of terror and propaganda in becoming a dictator.

Swift satirizes human nature in general, but of individuals putting him and his friends down rather than the society around him, perhaps creating more of a personal retribution in his writing.

Orwell struggled throughout the majority of his life and received conflict at the hands of power, whereas Swift generally had a more comfortable upbringing receiving hardships at the beginning, yet with personal disagreements throughout. Orwell and Swift both satirize the abuse of power and suggest the moral of human nature, that Utopias are not possible due to the flaws that will always be found and created by individuals.

Orwell once said, Totalitarianism has abolished freedom of thought to an extent unheard of in any previous age. He believed this idea was achieved by forbidding freedom of thought or action but also by telling the people exactly what to think.

This is demonstrated in Animal Farm right from the start where Majors statement, whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy has been condensed to four legs good two legs bad in order that the unintelligent sheep could understand the principals of Animalism. This simplification caused its loss of meaning, and later has appalling implications, when used to drown out or prevent uproar and revolt. This parodies the less intelligent masses of the Soviet Union and the disregard of attention to these peoples understandings of events.

There are indications that the proposed utopia will never materialise. The animals society is not an equal one as three pigs are seen immediately taking the best positions in the barn. Some animals are protective to others, whilst others seem intent on fighting amongst themselves. The irony of the first chapter is clear in that it establishes through Majors speech an idealistic vision of the future in contrast of the suffering under Jones. The eventual progress of Animal Farm shows that as the pigs distort Majors ideas, they alter and corrupt the principles of Animalism

The element of realism is introduced by the first actions of the dogs, directly after Majors speech where they attack the rats. This openly contradicts what Major has just stated. The rats represent the majority of the rural peasants whom the revolutionaries tried to shape to their views. Orwell suggests here that human behaviour is essentially selfish and ruthless. Swift made the same point when Gulliver discovered how the court were planning to blind and starve him slowly to death.

In Animal Farm the equality Major emphasized so much is jeopardised by the pigs greater intelligence, with their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume leadership. By becoming the farms administrators, the pigs avoided physical work. Orwell suggests here that there is not equality, labour not being equivalent to brainwork.

Napoleons rise to power begins from his nature, a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. This description implies power through aggression, which is exactly what happens. When Napoleons dictatorship is threatened by Snowball from the animals preference to his idea of the windmill, he is chased out of the farm by the nine dogs. Napoleon, who generally represents Stalin, saw Snowball, representing Trotskys strategies, and his attempts to educate the other animals, as a threat. He understood that if he kept the animals unintelligent, they would be easier to control for his own benefit, rather than the farms.

It is clear these are his intentions from the start, privately rearing the nine puppies. The nine dogs represent the secret police that silenced, many by death, any rebellious individuals. Their presence in the novel adds a sense of fear and darkness that symbolises corruption, while their actual contribution, is by fighting in the battle of the windmill, and even this is beneficial to Napoleons leadership.

Boxer, the hardest working animal on the farm, who is universally respected represents the lower class, hard working society of Russia, without him the farm would not succeed. His two maxims, I will work harder and Napoleon is always right are both results of his experiences at the hands of dictatorship and limits his thought. There is again no thought given to his feelings or emotions, and even his retirement is exploited to the advantage of the pigs.

The pigs use of language makes the suffering of the animals sound acceptable. This is the use of propaganda. Squealers use of this is crucial to Napoleons success in convincing the animals of Napoleons fitness of power and validity for the apparent sacrifices made. Many words and even whole speeches are not fully understood by the animals, and they are not questioned, due to the convincing act Squealer puts on. The threat of the nine dogs, their own vain hope that things are okay, and that their faith in their leaders, prevents them seeing themselves being systematically betrayed.

Propaganda was used throughout the Russian revolution and this is the point Orwell is making, that the shameless use of it has conflicting effects.

Humour is used in both novels to similar effect. In Gullivers Travels, toilet humour is used throughout, to ease myself with making water; which I very plentifully did. This is rare in any writing but Swift continually refers to it, which is quite shocking to the reader. Swift describes his actions with the same tone and format that he uses throughout the story, thereby creating the ironic humour. Orwell similarly applies humour but with greater subtlety, with some difficulty (for it is not easy for a pig to balance on a ladder) Snowball climbed up. Here the reader can imagine the event Orwell has described, which creates the humour. The idea of including humour teaches the reader to study other ideas, specifically the satirical aspect.

Both Orwell and Swift wrote about politics. The treatment they received at the hands of those in power influenced their writing. As Orwell once said, Every line of serious work that I have written since 16 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic Socialism.

Orwell suggested that language had to try, as far as possible to reflect the truth of an issue. In his writing style, thoughtless language and complex writing was avoided, and straightforward wording used. This technique was used in the hope of not misleading the reader and helped make the message as clear as possible. There is the satirical parody here of the contrast of how political writing is often distorted and purposely relays false meanings. Swift was not able to do this with the same impact. This was probably due to the fact, that by making his point too obvious, he would endanger himself from the people he was satirising, this creates a sense of irony.

The main point that both these novels compare on is the great irony in the general outline of each story. Gullivers Travels tell us of the supposedly successful, civilised people of Lilliput. Gulliver exposed them as corrupt, disloyal and animal-likes individuals. Animal Farm however, tells us of these apparent, well-meaning and thoughtful animals that are exposed as having careless, slovenly and corrupt human characteristics.

Despite several hundred years separating the two authors, there are many similarities and contrasts between Gullivers Travels and Animal Farm. The novels were both very successful and were appreciated by a wide audience.

On a personal level I found, Gullivers Travels and Animal Farm equally appealing. I was surprised to find how subtle techniques, use of language and the general style, left me to interpret the writers intentions. Both novels are exceptional and have inspired me to find and explore similar styles of work.



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Legalization of Prostitution

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Prostitution is often called the world’s oldest profession. It’s been around since the beginning of time and can be traced back to ancient civilization. Prostitution hasn’t stopped after thousands of years and it’s not going to stop anytime soon. Prostitution is already legal in some parts of the world, but not in Canada and the United States. I think it should be. I think that legalizing it would solve more problems than it would create. If it was legalized people could be protected from diseases, the streets could be kept cleaner, and prostitutes would have a safer working environment. Does prostitution really hurt anybody? It benefits both the prostitute, and the customer. The prostitute gets their money, and the customer gets their pleasure. It fulfils both people’s needs. Even though prostitution is not legal, it will continue to happen. They will find a way around the law, and continue with their business. If it is legalized, laws can be made to keep prostitutes and people safer than they are now.

Some people don’t think much of prostitutes. They think that they are all drug addicts who spread diseases. This may be true in some cases, but many are just trying to make a living and are very clean. For the few bad ones, they would be the ones who would most benefit from legalization. They could be provided with the necessary health and safety items to prevent any diseases or sicknesses from spreading. If prostitution was legal, they could have a designated place to work. This would keep residential neighbourhoods and other valued streets clean. It will be impossible to stop prostitution but it can be controlled. The government could legalize prostitution requiring the prostitute had a permit, and got drug tests, and medical exams on a regular basis. If any banned substances or diseases were found, they would be stopped. Prostitution would be considered a business and would have to pay taxes like everyone else. The tax money could be used for something useful, like helping the prostitutes find a better job, and help get them off the streets. If any violations were detected, then the law would be enforced.

Another benefit to legalizing it is that prostitutes would no longer need a pimp. This would help prevent pressure to drug use. It would stop pimps from abusing their prostitutes, and the prostitutes wouldn’t be afraid to quit their job. Other opinions are that prostitution should stay illegal. They think that if the government legalizes prostitution, they are turning themselves into pimps. They are taking responsibility for prostitutes. This may be partly true but at least the government won’t beat the girls and lead them towards drugs.

Does becoming a prostitute make you less of a person? I think a person’s choice of occupation should not be put down. It’s that person’s choice to do what they do and, whether you agree with it or not, they still deserve some respect. Some are concerned for the prostitute’s children. What does a child tell the kids at school that their parents do for a living? This is one problem I have not got a solution to. There will always be an ethical concern. The problem exists now, and it will exist if prostitution is legalized.




There are many fair arguments against prostitution but I think the benefits to legalizing prostitution are greater. If you legalize it, you can offer more help and protection to the prostitutes. The people will be kept safer. It is going to happen whether we like it or not, so I say we control it. Don’t let be harmful to society. The human sex drive can’t be prohibited, so why is it? Fighting against human nature is a battle that can’t be won, so why fight it?



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Ethan Fromme "I never want to leave this hill"

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10. Discuss the implications of Maddie’s Statement, “I never want to leave this hill”.

Ethan Frome, written by Edith Wharton, is a tragic romance novel that takes place in the small and simple New England town of Starkfield. Ethan Frome, the main character of the story, faces many trials and hardships throughout his life in Starkfield. However, he has no way to escape these things because he is doomed to remain there forever. It all starts when his mother grows very ill and Ethan is forced to take care of her, and to look after the family farm. This is how Ethan meets Zeena Pierce; she was one of his mothers nurses, and also a distant family member. After Ethans mother passes away, he marries Zeena for lack of anything better to do, and with the hopes of fulfilling the emptiness in his life. Unfortunately, for Ethan, things dont work out exactly the way he had imagined. Five winters after the two are married, Zeena becomes a sick hypochondriac, and again, Ethan is forced to remain in Starkfield to take care of his sickly wife. It is during this time that Zeena hires Mattie Silver her younger cousin. Mattie comes to help Ethan and to take care of the house. Ethan falls in love with Mattie, and Mattie, who really understands Ethan, grows to love him as well. They both realize that they would be happy together, but they are quiet about their feelings, because they are afraid of Zeena.

At this point in the story Mattie and Ethan are not in a good situation. Mattie is in love with Ethan and Ethan is in love with Mattie and they are both miserable. Zeena has returned home from a doctors visit, and she has just told Ethan that Mattie must leave. Zeena feels that she has stayed long enough and that it is time to hire a new nurse to come and live with them. (I am suspicious that Zeena is aware of what may be taking place between Ethan and Mattie.) This news clearly rips Ethan’s heart out. He loves Mattie and is worried about where she will go and what she will do. The only true happiness he has found in his life has been with Mattie.

Against Zeena will Ethan insist’s on driving Mattie to the train station. The two of them drive off together. They stop at a store so that Ethan can buy Mattie a gift. This is truly symbolic of his love for her and his sadness that she is leaving. He picks out a red hair clip for her to wear. They are spotted out together by two of the town’s women. This is the first time that their love has become obvious to anyone in public, and it is clear that Mattie is uncomfortable about the whole situation. After leaving the store they make one last stop to ride a sleigh down a hill. Earlier in the story Mattie has expressed a desire to do this. They ride down three times. At one point Mattie says to Ethan “I never want to leave this hill” To me this shows the painful and miserable state that they are both in. This statement suggests that Mattie literally does not want to leave this hill..ever. Perhaps even wishing to die there. Upon their last shove off of the hill Ethan decides to ride in front of Mattie, which we all know isn’t very wise and dangerous. I could feel the pain and anguish going through their minds and hearts as they pushed off down the hill. The hopelessness of their situation becomes very real, and I can understand why they never want to leave this hill.




Of Course things never turn out as planned and they don’t die, they end up hitting a tree and becoming seriously injured. Ethan is paralyzed and Mattie was injured so badly that Zeena was now forced to care for her. I see such irony at the end of this story. Mattie did not want to leave. Ethan did not want Mattie to leave. Zeena wanted to be needed. So in all actuality they all got what they wished for.



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Emily Dickison

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Break Away & Retreat

In her poem, “The Soul has Bandaged moments�“ Emily Dickinson portrays the idea of a women’s soul fighting for freedom and then stepping down from her platform. Dickinson personifies the Soul as a female entity torn between Fright and a Lover. In this poem Dickinson possesses the desire to fight against social standards imposed on women and the stereotypes of feminine behavior. The Soul is rendered helpless by fear at first, but finds the strength to break free. The freedom to love is described as seeming perfection, yet it is not without its dangers. The poem shows the female souls rebellion and the happiness that it brings when she finally breaks down to the “Lover”. This happiness is stifled, however and the cause is not clear. Poem #51 works to suggest that along with unbridled passion come vulnerability, the risk of loss, and thus a new cause for fear. The woman figure in the poem is described as being intimidated by the idea of letting herself go so freely, which would go against her socially taught norms of constraint.

Through her use of imagery Dickinson is able to show how intimidation leads her Soul to feel captured after a moment of break through. Dickinson depicts Fright as a powerful hindering force in the first two stanzas. Its presence leaves the Soul “Bandaged” and “appalled,” both bound as well as weakened and terrified (1-). The idea of shock is further supported by Frights “ghastly” appearance (). Fright is a mischievous “Goblin” with “long fingers” (5-7). Not only is fear a demon, but also one who has a threatening grasp. The grasp of the Fright comes up and it stopped “to look at her” (4) This judging can be related to the strict ways society judged women’s actions. Ambition and the “moments of Escape” were not condoned. Society’s standards impose such a fear to her Soul that it freezes her hair, a sign of femininity. The Soul is so imposed by and scared of the looming Fright that it hinders her natural self. It is Fright that confines the Soul and hinders her unrestrained expression of Love. Dickinson could be expressing all of these feelings of fear to play along with the feminine themes of the time. The word “Lover” implies a sinful sexual relationship and supposedly this would scare an innocent lady.

The poem describes a moment of freedom between feelings of horror and fright and in this moment the Soul is able to be free like sound. This is shown in Dickinson’s use of the word “Bomb” (1). The word is appropriate not only because it is an explosive device but also it could relay the image of a church bell that “swings upon the hours” (14). This image makes the figure more powerful and gives the woman control over time. She has the liberty to decide the hours and counts them in a song. Yet, through her song she also revealing her whereabouts and precipitating her capture. The swinging has a double meaning in that it brings forth images of the gallows and death which is where the Soul will soon return.




Dickinson’s bee metaphor seems to imply the Soul does not know quite what to do with her freedom. The movements of a bee are quick and “delirious borne” portrays the idea that she is too overwhelmed with happiness to make a decision. Like the Soul of a women one would assume the bee enjoyed its place in society. The job of the bee is to pollinate roses, which implies motherhood for a woman’s soul. Yet the rose is described as a dungeon and the bee wants to taste liberty instead of being nurturing to a flower. This indirectly critiques the social expectations of womanhood. In escaping the female soul is able to “touch liberty” and all senses are aroused for the reader to a point where the reader can understand the delirious feelings of the woman. Yet, the freedom seems perfect. Dickinson uses the image of noon to represent the day at its brightest, the sun at its highest, and a feeling of warmth. Paradise, in the same way, is the pinnacle of perfection and pleasure.

The pleasure she feels through freedom lasts only a short while before the Soul submits again to the constrains of social norms. The Soul’s break through contains images that are furthered in the third stanza. The lines, “When, Felon led along, / With shackles on the plumed feet” reinforce the earlier lines “swings upon the hours” and show the double meaning behind the freedom she momentarily felt. She has committed a crime against standards and these moments are “retaken” by her imposers. The tone is one of tired submission. Being “Bandaged” seems more like a caring, healing practice, rather than a binding one (1). The Soul is called a “Felon” (0), perhaps having committed the crime of feeling too much. She is “led along” (0) in shackles, yet being led relieves the pressure of having to choose her own path. Fright’s “Salute” and “Caress” of the Soul become gestures of acknowledgment and affection, and thus reassuring (5-6). The “Horror” indeed “welcomes” her back again (). Captivity here is a haven, as ungoverned “Liberty” seems too threatening (17). By choosing fear, the Soul avoids the possibility of losing all control, being completely vulnerable, and getting hurt.

The rhyme scheme of the poem correlates with the freedom experienced in the third and fourth stanza. In the first two stanzas there is almost perfect rhyme “her” and “stir” and “hair”, “o’er”, and “fair”. Then the poem escapes the confines of rhyme as the Soul escapes her Fright of love. When “retaken” (1) by Fright in the sixth stanza, perfect rhyme returns. Dickinson is able to show through her use of rhyme scheme how she as a poet is constrained in the same way that she is constrained as a lover, through social standards.

The diction in the last two lines signifies the extinction of her freedom. The word tongue extends the song images of the earlier stanzas, yet this time she is without the power of her tongue and therefore song. The bells have stopped ringing and there is no celebration when her captivity resumes. The word “brayed” is associated with the harsh, piercing sound a donkey makes, but the word “not” implies she is silenced beyond the degree of animals. The Soul is forced to be completely silent and submissive in her world of pain.

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dancer of the year

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on dancer of the year. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality dancer of the year paper right on time.

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It is 8 O’clock I am nervous, excited and scared all at the same time. I only have four more hours until I represent Ohio in the semi finals for dancer of the year. While I listen to the song relax on my headphones, I keep going over and over the dance in my head. This day could change my life.

I have danced ever since I have been able to walk. I was just two years old to be exact. Once a week I would put on my size 6 black paten leather tap shoes. I couldn’t wait for my dance lessons to come around. I never knew that when I was eighteen I would be competing in Cleveland to represent Ohio for dancer of the year.

Every day in the studio would practice till my feet hurt. I just had to get my dance polished. I only had one more week until I go to Cleveland to compete. Time after time my teacher would play my song just to stop it in the middle to tell me that my arm was bent, my toe wasn’t pointed or I had missed a tap. I was so tired , but I knew it had to be done if I wanted to move on.

Finally it is judgment day , I got my hair done , my make up on, and then finally my costume was on. I was more then ready to go out and give it my all.




While standing back stage I meet the girls that I am going to compete against, they all seem to be so nice, I talked to everyone and wished them good luck. Then the host goes out and introduces the first girl. I am getting butterflies in my stomach, my adrenaline starts pumping. The first girl comes off stage, we all told her how great she did. Then the host calls out Amanda Roberts out to the stage. I go out and take my spot, and a deep breath, my music starts and I dance my heart out not even missing a tap or a pointed toe. The music ends and I take my bow the ,audience applause is so loud , and I tap my way off the stage.Then the next girl goes and the next until we are all done.



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Attack on Freedom

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New York City, Sept. 11, 001- Worst terrorist attack in US history. Four US planes hijacked, two collide into World Trade Center towers, one into Pentagon. Thousands of people killed.

Tuesday, four United States planes taking off on the east coast destined for L.A. were hijacked and used as flying bombs to take out the World Trade Center and parts of the Pentagon. President Bush declared it an act of terror and mass murder.

The first hijacked plane, American Airlines Flight 11, crashed into the upper part of the first World Trade Center at 745 a.m. central time. A second plane, United Airlines flight 175, crashed into the second tower of the World Trade Center 18 minutes later. The third plane hijacked, American Airlines flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon at 114 a.m. The fourth plane, United Airlines flight , crashed in the woods in rural Pennsylvania at 110 p.m.

There were 66 people aboard the four hijacked planes. All on board were killed.




Thousands are suspected to be dead. Over 50,000 people were in the trade center during the crash. Many of those people are still missing.

Three buildings have collapsed already. World Trade Center tower 1, tower and building number 7. Tower was the most devastating. Many people were evacuating as it collapsed. These people included firefighters and rescue workers.

The destruction of these buildings led to debris and dust scattered throughout downtown Manhattan. Specialists believe the crash impact and the full fuel tanks in the plane are to blame for the collapse of the buildings.

Many blame Islamic fundamentalist Osama Bin Laden for the attack. Evidence supporting this claim is very strong. A call was intercepted between bin Laden supporters confirming the targets reached their destination. Bin Laden has been on the FBI’s top ten most wanted list for two years.

Reports from a British journalist stated he had received a warning from Bin Ladens supporters a few weeks earlier. They stated an unprecedented attack would be made on the U.S.

The effects of this attack were spread throughout the country. The FAA grounded every airport in the nation, every federal building was closed, and many businesses were shut down for the day. The U.S. stock exchange was also closed and is scheduled to reopen on Friday.

The nation as a whole as pulled together in this time of need. Red Cross blood drives are overflowing with donors. Many people in New York are volunteering their services in the rescue effort.

Many people have been recovered from the rubble alive, but time is running out for many still trapped. Nearly 00 Firefighters and 87 Policeman are still missing. They were inside the second building trying to rescue citizens when it collapsed.

This is a day that will never be forgotten. The greatest nation in the world has suffered a major blow. However, we will pull together and we will retaliate. We will stand steadfast in our fight for freedom.

Allen Rhodes

World Trade Center bombing questions.

-Eyewitness questions-

Could you hear the explosion and how loud was it?

Was it obvious the planes were aimed towards the building?

Was there anything suspicious leading up to the events today? Noises? Vehicles?

How long will it take for you to go back and work and feel safe at your job? Will you

ever feel safe at work again?

-President Bush questions-

Were you aware of the lack of security at airports?

Do you feel the attacks are over? What leads you to believe this?

What were your first thoughts when you heard about the attack?

What steps will be taken to prevent another event like this?

How do you feel about bin Laden? How aggressively will you go after him?

Was this, without a doubt, an act of war?

-Lead Paragraph-

Worst terrorist attack in US history. Four US planes hijacked, two collide into the World Trade Center towers, one into Pentagon. Thousands kille



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the company

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on the company. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality the company paper right on time.

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i feel that art is fading away, it used to be a subject for every thing you see, like buildings, restraunts, tv, radio, song, books, everything. now the basic of every thing is sex, and thats a shame. in the past art was the meaning of sex, now sex is the basic of everything that exicts. I wish we could look in a non sexual way to thing. and yes im not that naief that i cant think that they used sex allot too in the past. but now its everything you see. and thats a shame. so pass it on. i know this is a stupid subject and it sounds very frustrated, but every girl i see, exapt fo the real strong ones, all fall into a paterrn that only excist out of food and looking good, even myself. i sometimes feel sick because i have a bely. and that is stupid. in the past that was known as one of the most sexiest thing a woman could have. now ist slimmer then slim. and thats a shame. oh, im finished talking about this subject, but i need 50 wrds to get the essay i want. that the redbull essay, its for school and i need to hurry becasue i want to see the serie six feet under. dont you look my subject, it just popped out of my head. im reallygood at that Distributie Redbull

Het product is geimporteerd in containers en opgeslagen in een warehuis en vanuit daar gedistributeerd.

Hierbij werkt Redbull nauw samen met leveranciers en distributeurs om zo voordelen te behalen en te voorkomen van vertraging binnen het distributieproces.

Hierbij overwegen ze alternatieve arrangementen om zo voor minimale vertraging op te lopen.




Redbull levert het meest aan supermarkten en de horeca.



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Banking

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When a bank transforms your cash into another asset that earns them a profit they assume several different types of risk. The first type of risk that the bank will encounter is interest rate risk, which is associated with changes in market interest rates. In the broadest sense of the term, banking is the business of accepting temporary responsibility for safeguarding other peoples money and then lending out these funds in order to earn interest for the banks own account. This being said, a change in interest rates could have a large impact on a bank’s profit because the banks profits arise mainly from the (positive) spread between its costs of securing and servicing deposits and its revenues from fees and interest on the loans extended. The next type of risk that a bank assumes is credit risk. Credit risk is defined as the risk that the value of a loan will decrease due to a change in the borrowers ability to make payments, whether that change is an actual default or a change in the borrowers probability of default. Obviously the more defaults that a bank encounters the less profitable the bank is going to be, this is why they charge “high-liability” customers higher interest rates. The next type of risk that a bank must assume is liquidity risk. Liquidity risk is the risk that at some time an entity will not have enough cash or liquid assets to meet its cash obligations. The most striking example of loss due to this risk is a run-on-the-bank event that causes an institution to fail. This type of event hit banks during the Depression when too many customers demanded to have their money paid immediately in cash and that demand exceeded cash reserves. Less dramatically, smaller losses can occur when a company has to borrow unexpectedly or sell assets for an unanticipated low price. The last type of risk that a bank must assume is foreign exchange rate risk. Foreign exchange rate risk is the risk that the value in dollars of a promise of payment in a foreign currency will change as a result of a change in the exchange rate. This could effect you as a bank in two different ways, one is you are owed payment in foreign currency, and two is you owe payment in foreign currency. If there is a large fluctuation in an exchange rate between the U.S. and another county could either make money or lose money depending on whether the dollar has appreciated or depreciated. There are ways to minimize your risk as a bank by covering yourself with different investments in different areas, but we’ll save that for another discussion.

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Uccello

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Paolo Uccello was born as Paolo di Dono and was given the name Uccello as a nickname meaning ?he bird?because of his love for drawing birds and animals on frieze. He was the son of Dono di Paolo, who was a barber and surgeon and Antonia di Giovanni del Beccuto. He came from a poor family but money never matters to Uccello, his art did. He was a member of the official painters guild, Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali. He was a perspective and slightly Gothic artist born in the year 17 in Pratovecchio, which is by Florence, Italy. He was first an apprentice to Donatello at Ghiberti? workshop and helped him decorate the paradise doors of the Florence Baptistery.

He began working as an artist around the year 145 in St. Mark? Basilica in Venice, making mosaics. The frescoes the Cloister Verde of in the Santa Maria Novella in Florence were his next great works of art. One of the frescoes, ?cenes from the Creation? he used perspective to fill in any space available; there are also hints of Gothic style which shows he followed Ghiberti.

Around 14 to 1440, the two versions of ?t. George and the Dragon were created. Both versions are very much like a fairy-tale. In this painting the figures are wooden like. In the first version the colors used are brighter while the second version displays colors with depth, and contrast between light and dark more than in the first version. Both place the figures on the foreground. In the first version the dragon charges at the saint while the princess prays. The landscape in the first version is of cultivated fields and city walls with the relatives of the princess in the background, but in the second version the landscape is of a dark and dreary forest of London St. George. In the second version, slight movement can be seen in the sky; the clouds seem to be moving east leading toward the whirl wing. One of the two paintings is at Muse?Jacquemart- Andr? in Paris, France. The other can be found at National Gallery in London.

In circa 140, Uccello? first great achievement was the ?questrian Portrait of John Hawkwood. He returned to Florence and created the it in Santa Maria del Fiore. The ?questrian Portrait of John Hawkwood?is also known as ?onument to Giovanni Acuto?which was the name Italians called him by. In this fresco the pose of the horse is similar to the poses of St. Mark?. Uccello cared more for the geometrical shapes in this painting rather than the natural shapes and effects. Just like in many of his other frescos and painting, some perspective drawing is shown. The pedestal on which the horse stands on is a great example from this fresco. Today the ?questrian Portrait of John Hawkwood?can be found at Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence Italy.




His most famous work, the three paints of the ?attle of San Romano? was also done during this time frame. The three paintings are based on a small fight, which occurred in 14 between the hired mercenaries of Siena and the hired mercenaries of Florence. In the end the Florentines won, but not because of military skills but by accident. About twenty years later Cosimo de Medici commissioned Uccello to paint the three paintings of the ?attle of San Romano? Niccol?da Tolentino, the Florentine leader, is placed in the center of the left panel of the ?attle of San Romano? A young page is seen behind Tolentino carrying a helmet. Everything on each panel was made to go into its vanishing point. It is clearly visible on the left panel with the weapons on the floor. The men and the horses in this painting all seem to be puppet or toy like. Uccello purposely did so to make the figures look as if they were carved rather than painted. The three paintings of the ?attle of San Romano?show the change of medieval art to renaissance art. For example the knights with their lances reminds many people of the Middle Ages, but the perspective represented in this painting shows modernism in the Renaissance. Today the right panel is located in the National Gallery in London, the middle panel is located in the Galleria delgi Uffizi in Florence Italy and the left panel is located in Louvre in Paris, France.

Before passing on, Uccello created many other masterpieces such as ?he Deluge? ?he Hunt in the Forest? ?he Fathers of Perspective?and many more. ?he Fathers of Perspective?show portraits of Giotto, Uccello, Donatello, Manetti, and Brunelleschi. In 146, Uccello returned to Florence ?ore poor than famous?and six years later he passed away leaving the world with beautiful frescos and paintings and as one of the fathers of perspective drawing.



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This is stupid

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I cant believe just to read one little essay i have to write my own, im a crap writer so why would i want to put one of my crap essays on here for people to read and go this is stupid... so there u go! ok so it has to be 50 words long... no probs i can do that! ill just copy and paste! have fun reading this!

that should do it! thanks oh so now u say it has to much repition! what is going on! all i wanted was a little help with an essay that i have to write! this is so stupid! u better let my get this or ill just go somewhere else to find some information! oh and i bet that you will send all this crap to my email address, probably even viruses after reading this... well i dont want anything sent to my email address becuase im sick of it!!!

so i hope this is good enough... happy reading!

damn still not long enough! 50 words is a bit stupid! alrgiht ill put a bit of one of my essays on here




My character makes an appearance on stage as “she caresses herself as though her hands were a man’s.” My initial reaction was that this girl is crazy. I had to read the monologue over and over just too completely understand what she is saying and the meaning of the monologue. Shepard is an American playwright from the 60’s who wanted to be a rock star. An eclectic form of ideas influenced his writing such as magic, witchcraft, Hollywood westerns, television in its pop or junk aspect, science fiction and many more. He likes to use the idea of transformation and this is what my character Becky does. She becomes wholly different in abrupt movements, while the scene remains the same. Also she becomes someone else as she takes off her clothes. Shepard’s plays seem incomplete because they lack clear boundaries and consistency. The monologue displays varied voices transformation which is Shepard’s style of writing.

i do drama by the way... and i performed that monologue for class!



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Advanced Business Policy, OD and ADR

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Abstract

This paper addresses the importance of Advanced Business Policy in organization development through establishment of sound arbitration, negotiation and mediation practice. It introduces what are the relevant advanced business policies such as

Marketing/sales policies,

Personnel policies,




Production and Purchasing policies and

Financial policies.

It then focuses on leadership which is very vital in bringing about Organization Development by setting up sound Business Policies that assist the Organization to grow up profitably and create a very good working environment within the Organization.

Finally this paper dwells on Personnel policies specifically policies relating to Employee services and Industrial relation that are relevant in bringing harmony in the Organization, it goes further to discuss policies for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) namely Arbitration, Mediation and Negotiation. The paper finally gives the findings and conclusion regarding how these policies can develop an organization and therefore create a suitable working condition.

CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION

1.1. What is business Policy?

Business Policies contain two terms - Business and Policy. Business itself has two meanings. One in macro sense and another in micro sense. Macro business means business relating to the economy as a whole. Business means economic activity relating to production, distribution etc. Business Policy may be of two types; one is general policy, which is adopted by all. Beyond this there are specific advanced policy, which is applicable in any business unit according to its suitability.

1.. Types of business policies

Marketing/Sales Policies

Marketing Policies enables the organization to understand and solves the following

§ Understanding the Customer and Creating Goods and Services that Satisfy

§ Developing Quality Products at the Right Price

§ Using Integrated Marketing Communications to Promote Products

§ Using the Internet for Business Success

§ Buying Trouble Ethics Issues in Purchasing

§ Marketplace Ethics Issues in Sales and Marketing

a. Pricing policies

Pricing is the most important aspect of managerial decision-making. Hence having clear pricing policies is important.

b. Product policies

These are policies that answer the question of whether to Specialize or diversify on a product.

c. Customer care policies

These policies answers the questions of who are the consumer, what is the most efficient and strategic size of the customers to be served by the company, what are the channel of distribution to be adopted and what location should be served by the company for the sale of its product.

d. Sales promotion policies

These are policies that address sales appeal, how advertising is to be utilized for sales promotion of the product and what role personal solicitation would play.

Production and Purchasing Policies

These are policies that addresses the following

a. What is the extent to which vertical integration is strategic?

b. What are the general processes to be used in production

c. Setting total capacity and facility balance

d. Providing basic guides for maintenance and replacement

e. Services and supplies-questions revolving make-or-buy decisions

f. From which vendor purchases should be made

g. Correlating purchasing production and sales

h. Can a limited number of vendors supply the variety of product required

Personnel Policies

These are personnel policies that outline the procedures for selection and training of personnel, understanding Labor-Management Relations, labor Relations in a Global Context and Mediation of a Commercial Dispute.

These policies can be divided into three categories

a. Selection and Training

These are policies that govern selection and training of personnel in organization. The process of selection goes on almost continuously with hiring of new employees, selection of employees for promotion and even problem of discharging employees.

b. Employee services and Industrial relation

This relates with policies that create a suitable working conditions for employee such as providing social and recreational facilities to employees, provide protection to employee against financial risks. Further more these policies outline the relation of the organization vis a vis the Trade union in terms of its support, scope of bargaining and recourse to outside agencies in relation to mediation, negotiation and arbitration.

c. Compensation and Arrangements for Work

These are policies that outline the amount of compensation one is entitle to and the method of payment of these compensations. It includes policies outlining hours of work, Vacations and working conditions.

Financial Policies

a. Uses of Capital

Clear policies would stipulate the uses of Capital

b. Sources of Capital

Policies will spell out what are the sources of Capital whether from owners, Long-term creditors or short-term creditors.

c. Protection of Capital and Distribution of Earnings.

These are policies that protect the business against risks such as reduction of hazards, insurance, hedging and calculation of profits. These policies include how to plow back profits, distributions of dividends, retaining of earning.

CHAPTER TWO LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT

.1 Leadership

Leadership is about influencing others to follow. It is first and foremost about providing service.

Good leaders are good learners who learn by

· Seeing things differently

· Then thinking about things differently

· Then doing things differently

· And finally reflecting on their actions

According to Bateman Snell (B.Snell 1) a leader is one who influences others to attain goals. The greater the number of followers, the greater the influence. A good leader will make sure that the organization has good policies and whatever decisions he makes will be in accordance to the organizations policies. At is expected that a good leader will follow the set up policies in solving disputes in the organization.

. Organizational Development

Organizational development is concerned with the planning and implementation of programmes designed to enhance effectiveness with which an organization functions and responds to change. Overall, the aim is to adopt a planned and coherent approach to improving organizational effectiveness. An effective organization can be defined broadly as one that achieves its purpose by meeting the wants and needs of its stakeholders, matching its resources to opportunities, adapting flexibly to environmental changers and creating a culture that promotes commitment, creativity, shared values and mutual trust.

Organization Development (OD) is therefore a planned systematic process in which applied behavioral science principles and practices are introduced into an ongoing organization towards the goals of effecting organizational improvement, greater organizational competence, and greater organizational effectiveness. The focus is on organizations and their improvement or, to put it in another way, total systems change. The orientation is on action - achieving desired results as a result of planned activities. Tools that facilitate the Organization Development are advanced business policies such as policies relating to Industrial Relation/Employee relation. These are policies that assist the organization in prevention and solving of Industrial disputes and hence create favorable working condition for the Organization Development and Prosperity.

CHAPTER THREE INDUSTRIAL RELATION/ EMPLOYEE RELATION

According to Michael Armstrong (M.Armstrong 000) four approaches to employee relation’s policies have been identified by Industrial Relations Services (14)

Adversarial the organization decides what it wants to do, and employees are expected to fit in. Employees only exercise power by refusing to cooperate.

Traditional a good day-to-day working relationship but management proposes and the workforce reacts through its elected representatives.

Partnership the organization involves employees in the drawing up and execution of organization policies, but retains the right to manage.

Power sharing employees are involved in both day-to-day and strategic decision making.

Adversarial approaches are much less common than in the 160’s and 170’s. The traditional approach is still the most typical but more interest is being express in partnership, power sharing is rare.

.1 Nature and purpose of employee relation’s policies

Against the background of a preference for one of the four approaches listed above, employee relations policies express the philosophy of the organization on what sort of relationships between management and employees and their unions are wanted, and how they should be handled. A partnership policy will aim to develop and maintain a positive, productive, cooperative and trusting climate of employee relations.

When they are articulated, policies provide guidelines for action on employee relation’s issues and can help to ensure that these issues are dealt with consistently. They provide the basis for defining management’s intentions (its employee relations strategy) on key matters such as union recognition and collective bargaining.

The areas covered by employees’ relations’ policies are

-Trade union recognition- whether trade unions should be recognized or de-recognized, which union or unions the organization would prefer to deal with,

And whether or not it is desirable to recognize only one union for collective bargaining and /or employee representational purposes;

1. Collective bargaining

The extent to which it should be centralized or decentralized and the scope of areas to covered by collective bargaining;

. Employee relations procedures

The nature and scope of procedures for redundancy, grievance handling and discipline;

. Participation and involvement

The extent to which the organization is prepared to give employees a voice on matters that concern them;

4. Partnership

The extent to which a partnership approach is thought to be desirable;

5. The employment relationship

The extent to which terms and conditions of employment should be governed by collective agreements or based on individual contracts of employment (i.e. collectivism versus individualism);

6. Harmonization of terms and conditions of employment for staff and manual workers; Harmonization is the process of introducing the same conditions of employment for all employees. It is distinguished by Roberts (10) from single status and staff status as follows

7. Single status is the removal of differences in basic conditions of employment to give all employees equal status. Some organizations take this further by putting all employees into the same pay and grading structure.

8. Staff status is a process whereby manual and craft employees gradually receive staff terms and conditions of employment, usually upon reaching some qualifying standard, for example length of services

. Harmonization means the reduction of differences in the pay structure and other employment conditions between categories of employee, usually manual and staff employees. The essence of harmonization’s the adoption of a common approach and criteria to pay and conditions for all employees. It differs from staff status in that, in the process of harmonization; some staff employees may have to accept some of the conditions of employment of manual workers.

10. Working arrangements- the degree to which management has the prerogative to determine working arrangements without reference to trade unions or employees (this includes job-based or functional flexibility)

When formulating policies in these areas, organization may be consciously or unconsciously deciding on the extent to which they want to adopt the HRM approach to employee relations

. Employee relations’ processes and outcomes

Employee relation’s processes according to Michael Armstrong (M. Armstrong 000) consist of the approaches and methods adopted by employers to deal with employees either collectively through their trade unions or individually. They will be based on the organization’s articulated or implied employee relations policies and strategies. The way in which they are developing and how they function will be influenced by, and will influence, the employee relations’ climate, the concept of which is examined.

Industrial relations processes, that is those aspects of employee relations that are concerned with the dealings between employers and trade unions, consist of;

1. Approaches to recognizing or de-recognizing trade unions;

. Formal methods of collective bargaining;

. Partnership as an approach to employee relations;

4. The informal day to day contacts on employment issues that take place in the workplace between management and trade union representatives or officials;

5. Features of the industrial relations scene such as union membership in the workplace, the check off and strikes.

The outcomes of these processes are various forms of procedural and substantive agreements and employment procedures, including harmonization of terms and conditions, and the approaches used by organizations to manage with and without trade unions.

. The role of Trade Unions

Trade unions have been view as

1. Collective employee organizations established to protect employees from arbitrary actions by employers in matters of pay and working conditions.

. As promoters of the legitimate interests of people at work. In practice, they have also played an important role in the political life of many countries, and, to a lesser extent, in its social affairs. As will all organization providing a service to the community, the ability of trade unions to exercise power and influence over users of their service depends on the relative demand for tat service. Thus, when demand for skilled labor in economy is high, trade unions are in a relatively powerful position to negotiate on behalf of that labor. They are also able in such circumstances to employ a wide range of sanctions against employers. When demand for labor is slack and unemployment is high, trade union power to influence events becomes more limited.

.4 Disputes and Sanctions

No relationship is without their difficulties, and Employee Relations is no exception. However sound the underlying relationship between a management team and their workforce may be, there is always scope for mistakes and misunderstanding on both sides. It is prudent, therefore, to devise an agreed procedure or policy to be followed by the parties if a dispute arises.

The disagreement between an employer and employee can be devided into two categories

Collective disputes - involving issues taken up on behalf of groups of employees by their representatives. (Simply referred as disputes)

Individual disputes - involving individual employees only (referred as grievances)

Dispute procedure as practiced in Tanzania is a follows

First Stage Union representative raise issue with department/section manager

Second Stage Issue is discussed by Company Personnel Manager/and the local trade union representing worker of such sector e.g. Trade union representing Hotel and tourism sector

Third Stage Issue is discussed by the Company management and the National Trade union officers or the National Labor Tribunal

Final stage If internal stages have been exhausted, either side may seek conciliation via The National Labor Tribunal or both sides may agree to seek some form of arbitration, mediation or negotiation.

CHAPTER FOUR ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) METHODS

There are alternative dispute resolution methods that are put in place to enable Employer and employee relation stays in harmony all the time in order to increase productivity as well as give employees satisfaction. In order to develop an organization advanced business policies should be put in places as regard dispute resolutions these policies should be written and clear so that employees understand the procedure to present their grievances and how they can be solved. There are some disputes which cannot be solved within the organization procedures hence the need for an alternative dispute resolution procedures like Arbitration, Mediation and Negotiation.

4.1 Arbitration

Arbitration is a dispute resolution process where the opposing parties select or appoint an individual called an arbitrator. Upon appointment, the Arbitrator will arrange the process to hear and consider the evidence, review arguments and afterwards will publish an award in which the items of dispute are decided. In some cases the Arbitrator can conduct the arbitration on documents evidence only. When published the Arbitrator’s decisions are final and binding on the parties. It is rare for an arbitration to be appealed to the courts. Arbitration may comprise a sole Arbitrator, or may be a panel of Arbitrators. Costs of the arbitration are disposed of in the Arbitrator’s award, unless the parties have some agreement to the contrary.

4. Mediation

Whereby under Arbitration it is the Arbitrator who decides the fate of the dispute under Mediation it is the parties concern that decides. Mediation is a dispute resolution process in which the parties freely choose to participate and any agreement reached to settle disputes is done solely by the parties, without interference. The parties select the Mediator and once selected, the Mediator will arrange the mediation process. The Mediator makes no decisions, instead he/she as a facilitator only assist the parties to understand the dispute, provide structured discussion and help the parties reach a dispute settlement agreement.

If the parties can’t reach a settlement agreement, they are free to pursue other options. The parties generally decide in advance how they will contribute to the cost of the mediation. Mediation is very important form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), particularly if the parties wish to preserve their relationship.

Successful mediation as an alternative method of dispute resolution has the following elements

1. An Impartial third party facilitator.

The third party neutral, the mediator, is the person who makes the entire process work. As long as there is a neutral facilitator. The parties can trusst that they have some safety and are not being abused by an interested party. All of these programs work because the mediator is in them is known to either be neutral or supportive of the parties and not an involved party.

Thus the first thing that makes a process one of mediation (and not something else) is a third party who facilitates - aids the parties in a neutral fashion to find the parties own best interest.

. A third party who protects the integrity of the proceedings

Usually this means that the facilitator or mediator protect the confidentiality of the proceedings. Thus, not only does the mediator not take sides against any party to the mediation, the mediator does not usurp the parties’ rights to disclose, or not disclose information. The mediator preserves the integrity of the proceedings in all ways.

Generally this means things - such as there are no records kept by the mediator. When there are no record, it becomes much harder to breach confidentiality or to try to use the mediator to prove or force a particular point not finalized in the parties agreement. In fact, some ADR groups and centers require the parties to take all notes on provided paper and then take and destroy even the notes after each session.

Confidentiality also means that the facilitator is not subject to subpoena and thus cannot be made a witness. Without notes or the facilitator, the only method to breach confidentiality is the testimony of an interested party who is usually bound by law (and thus subject to being quashed) not to disclose more than is agreed.

. Good faith from the participants

Good faith includes not only entering into the ADR method with the intent to work towards a resolution, it also includes not using the process for outside purposes. Thus there are rules that provide for no service of process during ADR, and for similar bars to the abuse of the mediation process by attorney and non-attorneys alike.

What makes all of the proceedings mediation is that the parties are in the process to seek solutions rather than for an ulterior purpose (e.g. to abuse the other party by use of the process). Both the behavior and integrity of the neutral are important in creating, and preserving good faith.

4. The presence of the parties

Those with full authority to act for the parties must attend so that the parties can work toward resolution. If the decision makers do not attend the process becomes something other than mediation.

All parties necessary to resolve the problems should interact with the mediator. In a family dispute, if a party always checks with his parents before acting, the parents should attend (and may need a referral to additional counseling). In a labor matter, if a company chief executive checks with the majority shareholder, the majority shareholder should attend.

It is the parties who are being resolved as much as it is the problem that is being settled.

5. An appropriate site or venue

Generally this means a neutral site that is conducive to the process. It must mean a place where neutrality, confidentiality and inclusiveness may be obtained. The place is some times as important as the persons and is a part of the process often overlooked.

4. Negotiation

Negotiation is a less structured form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). The facilitator’s role is to keep the parties talking and bargaining. The parties may be individual or teams. The facilitator keeps record of party positions, and points of agreement they reach as discussions proceed.

The process can be lengthy, as in labor or sports negotiation. The facilitator will prepare a memorandum of agreement by inserting a condition that will be binding. The parties generally share equally in cost. On any matters unresolved, the parties are free to pursue other options.

CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

Advanced business policies are very important in setting a clear path for the development of organization, this is be because if the policies are clear the employer, employee and other interested parties to the business will know in advance what will happen if a certain situation arises. It is important that policies are set and made transparent so that people will be able to predict the outcome of a certain situation.

In this paper policies regarding industrial relation/ employee relation have been discussed in particular policies regarding arbitration, mediation and negotiation. These policies or procedures are very important in bringing about harmony and solving industrial disputes so as to bring about a good working environment. Employers and Employees have to sit down together and come up with policies that will guide them as to when they have to go for an alternative dispute resolution method. However internal dispute resolution through usual work procedure and trade union are more advisable. Only when these methods have been found unworkable then alternative dispute resolution methods should be applied.

Good leadership is the key to Organization development. A good leader will involve the workers in formulating the organization policy that will be a guide to all the operation of the organization. In organization development it is important that the leader make sure that conflict or disputes are resolved at a very early stage of their devolvement. When disputes are left to grow they divide the organization and therefore work efficiency is reduced and if left to grow out of proportion they may lead to the collapse of the organization. Disputes are the cause for Strikes, Sit-ins and demonstrations. When workers strike many activities of the organization are at a stand still. If it is a production organization production of product is stopped hence causing a lot of inconvenience to the consumers. This can cause consumers to shift to another product and cause the organization that has been in strike once the strike has been settled down to drop in business sales, which may lead to insolvency.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bateman Snell (1) Management Building Competitive Advantage United States Irwin McGraw-Hill

. Curtis E. Tate, Marilyn L. Taylor (18) Business Policy Administrative, Strategic, and Constituency Issues Dallas Texas Business Publication, Inc

. Devendra Thekur (18) Business Policy Principles and Practice India

4. G.A.Cole (00) Personnel and Human Resource Management London Book Power/ELST

5. Internet resource Various papers and documents

6. Michael Armstrong (000) Human Resource Management Practice Trowbridge, Wiltshire Redwood Books

7. Mike Leat (001) Exploring Employee Relations Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford Butter worth Heinemann

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