Dear Sir or Madam

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t¡¯s my honor to have you attention to read my job---hunting materials. My name is wangyan I¡¯LL graduate from college soon ,. In order to entry into the society earlier ,So please allow me to introduce myself .

Opportunities are well only for the prepared mind so during three

years in the college ,I always all my efforts on everything .

in the sturdy ,I have mastered theoretical knowledge and improve




my practice ability by taking part-time jobs .of course , I know it is not enough for me to have only it ,so in my spare time ,I sturdy computer knowledge and till now I have master basic operation specially frontpage and photoshop .of course ,I also like socialities to increaseI believe that I can create my own future with my own hands,I hope you can provide me with the chance.If Im honored to be accepted by you,Ill devote my heart and soul to my work and contribute myself to the future .I am confident that my efforts will give you a surprise. my experience.just like markt investigation,

t¡¯s my honor to have you attention to read my job---hunting materials. My name is wangyan I¡¯LL graduate from college soon ,. In order to entry into the society earlier ,So please allow me to introduce myself .

Opportunities are well only for the prepared mind so during three

years in the college ,I always all my efforts on everything .

in the sturdy ,I have mastered theoretical knowledge and improve

my practice ability by taking part-time jobs .of course , I know it is not enough for me to have only it ,so in my spare time ,I sturdy computer knowledge and till now I have master basic operation specially frontpage and photoshop .of course ,I also like socialities to increase my experience.just like markt investigation,



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Issey Miyake

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ISSEY MIYAKE

I observe that Iseey Miyake the Japanese fashion designer desires not so much to transgress boundaries in his clothing design as to maintain them as transparent walls.

An Issey Miyake design is neither wholly Eastern nor Western; his garments seem to simultaneously inhabit different temporal and geographic spaces. A piece (for Miyake’s clothing begs one to refer to them as art pieces) may look futuristic, but it is also rooted in the ancient feudal tradition of Japan’s samurai warriors.

Born in Hiroshima in 18, Miyake was seven years old in August 145, when his mother, suffered serious burns during U.S atomic bombing, lived another four years after the attack. The American occupation of Japan gave Miyake a first-hand view of what the west had to offer � Marilyn Monroe, Mickey Mouse, TV, Frozen Diners � and is surely a source of Miyake’s East-meets-West aesthetic.




In 15 Miyake enrolled as a graphic arts student at Tokyo’s prestigious Tama Art University. His true desire, however was to study fashion design, and in 165 he went to Paris, where he studied at Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne, and learned the ropes under French couturiers Guy Laroche and Hubert de Givenchy.

At the Miyake design studio, a kind of laboratory the designer opened in Tokyo in 170, he researched fabrics and design techniques, producing innovations like moulded plastic bustiers and clothes made out of oilcloth. Using a 5th century Japanese peasant technique to distress hemp like material, Miyake was able to create full bodied flowing forms that still described the body’s natural contours.

Miyake also pioneered a polyester jersey fabric, which, cut in squares and other geometric forms, enveloped the body in what he like to call a “ second skin”.

Issey Miyake continued his radical design philosophy into the 80s but his clothes became more practical. He opened the “Plantation” store in Paris in 181, selling affordable clothes in natural fibres designed for “real living”. The pleating that has become his signature look first surfaced in the 0s. During this period Issey Miyake designed the official pleated jackets worn by the Lithuanian Olympic team at 1 Barcelona Olympics and produced the “Pleats Please” spring and summer collection in 14.

In Issey Miyake’s three decades in design, he has worked at the intersection of art and fashion, nature and technology, innovation and tradition and notably, East and West.

It may have been one of the fashion world’s more bizarre recent happenings. On a cold evening in Paris, several hundred people gathered on the lawn of the Cartier foundation art gallery, where they watched Chinese artist Cai Guo_Qiang sprinkle gunpowder over an assortment of dresses, trousers and t-shirts created by Issey Miyake. Cai then lit a fuse, and it all exploded like a string of firecrackers. The clothes riddled with holes and burn stains, were then put on display in the Cartier gallery along with other examples of Miyake’s collaborative efforts with artists.

In Issey Miyake’s own words “I had chosen one idea “express energy”. Cai proposed to burn a design of a dragon on my pleats please, with gunpowder. In China, the dragon is a symbol of energy, and gunpowder is energy.

I made the clothes according to how Cai was going to use them. He laid 65 items on the floor, in the shape of a dragon. Then he put gunpowder on them, covered the gunpowder with cardboard stencils also in the shape of a dragon. He lit the fuse at the end of a trail of 65 garments. In or seconds you could see the result, each piece of clothing has a mark of a dragon.

“ I have always considered my job as a new way of making things. Creating new fabrics or coming up with a new technique or process, going forward, looking for new possibilities.”

Issey Miyake does not tend to go back in time or history to him the weight of the fabric on the body makes the shaped. He has never used crinoline or corsets or padding to force shapes.

Issey Miyake tends to have a different expression and process, and tends to have a different way of looking at and understanding clothes. He also does not seem to be constricted by the traditional rules of French couture. He also seems not to concern himself with current trends.

He seem to be more detached from the normal concept of clothes, which allows him not to be confined by current trends and colours which so often dictate a designers collection, also allowing him to fully exploit the fabric and the design possibilities.

When asked is fashion and art? Issey Miyake replied “No I’m disturbed when people call me an artist. When I make something it’s only half finished. When people use it for years and years then its finished. The pleasure comes when people use my clothes. I may work with artists, but what I do is make things to be used, not looked at, like a picture or sculpture. You can not use art.”



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Fann Wong

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Fann Wong is the most potential,pretty,elegant,talented and famous artist in Singapore.

Fann Wong recently took a role in Shanghai Knights.She has been praised by Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson.She ll act in the sequel of the movie.Tentatively named Shanghai Down.

Most Singaporeans like Fann Wong.She has official fan club in Singapore.She has many die-hard fans where from local,Malaysia,Taiwan,China and United State.

Fann Wong ponounced as FuN Wong.She born in 171,now is year-old.She became an actress in 15 and act many drama.Besides that,she is a singer.She has been released 4 album.The first album is I live alone,second album is Shopping,third is Missing you and forth is No Problem.Her voice is so nice and sweet.She has recorded song recently.One of the song is the English songAlways on my mind.




Her latest chinese drama is Alaways on my mind and moon fairy and now showing in Singapore.She played a doctor in always on my mind and a fairy in chinese popular story moon fairy.

Fann Wong just attend a Star Award ceremony in Singapore a last few days.She has been nominated as Top Ten artist in Singapore Star Awards and sure will get a prize because of her good acting and her die-hard fans.i can say that almost everyone in Singapore felt proud of her because she has chance involved in Jackie Chan movie and let people around the world know that Singapore has a Star who can gain some market share in Hollywood.

She is also a spokeperson for the health care centre-Bella Skin Care Product.



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An Evaluation of the Tourism Industry in the South West of England and a Segmentation Analysis and Determination of Relevant Target Customer Groups

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Executive Summary

This report details an evaluation of the tourism market place in the South West of England looking at changes in the market and the factors (PESTE Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological and Ecological) affecting the tourism industry.

A segmentation analysis was carried out looking to identify target customer groups for Tintagel Castle, Cornwall.

The principal groups identified were the visiting friends and relatives category and family groups including pre-family, with family and post family.




The buying criteria that the target groups will apply when deciding which attraction to choose to visit were briefly considered.

Table of Contents

Page

1.0 Introduction

.0 Market Place Evaluation

.1 Segmentation 4

. The Segments 5

. Targeting the Segments 7

.4 Buying Criteria of the Segments 8

.0 Conclusions

4.0 References

5.0 Bibliography 10

Appendix 1 - Tourism in the UK

Appendix � PESTE Analysis of the South West Tourism Market

1.0 Introduction

In order to maintain or increase the number of visitors to the castle it is important that we understand and meet the needs of the visitors. As such it is important that we can analyse the market place and identify who are our primary visitors and target our marketing at the groups or “segments” that will maximise our visitor numbers through appropriate channels. To determine market segments and decide which market segments to target it is first necessary to carry out a market place evaluation. Broadly this would encompass political, fiscal, economic, legal, technological and ecological factors that will affect the tourism industry in the UK as a whole and more specifically issues relating to the South West.

• Aims and Objectives

To carry out a market place evaluation of the South West of England region and to conduct a segmentation analysis of the local population. To determine the relevant target customer groups and consider the criteria they will apply to the buying decision.

.0 Market Place Evaluation

Tourism in the UK is not a growing industry for many reasons, see Appendix 1. The South West plays a major part in this industry attracting more visitors than any other UK region (outside of London)1. This means that tourism in the South West is the primary source of employment and prosperity. See Appendix for a full PESTE analysis of the local market place.

.1 Segmentation

Segmentation is the dividing of the market by identifying and profiling distinct groups of potential customers. These groups of potential customers would share similar wants and needs. These groups must be viable and reachable to be used as targets. Broad segmentation groups would include geographic, demographic and physcographic factors. Geographic factors would encompass both overseas visitors and UK holiday makers. Demographic factors which would be relevant would include income, social class, life stage; pre-family, with family, post family. Physcographic factors are also important as people with different lifestyles, personalities, and values will regard the South West in very differing views. By targeting the market segments that present the greatest opportunity and customizing our services and products, and thereby selecting the best distribution and communication channels it should be possible to increase visitor numbers and maximise profits.

To target the segments it would be best to draw up a marketing mix for each segment presenting the best opportunities. Before doing this it is necessary to make sure each segment is viable. That it is measurable; is there enough people in the segment to be sustainable; actionable, can we adapt to suit our offering to this group; and accessibility, can we reach our target market both geographically and through media.

Market Research has showed the following breakdown of visitors’ profiles to attractions in the South West in 001 see Table 1 below.

Type of Visitor %

Local Residents and their visitors holiday 6.1

UK holiday makers .1

Overseas holiday makers 10

Groups 11

Business 0.7

Others .0

. The Segments

• Visiting friends and relatives (VFR)

VFR is a very important category with the South West attracting more VFR trips than other UK regions. Last year 75% of adults in the SW region had visits from friends and relatives1. Tintagel is an ideal destination for this group.

Characteristically this group has and even distribution through the year with a peak at Christmas. They have a higher tendency for younger age groups; this is reflected in the relatively low household income. The majority will travel by car and therefore are very mobile.

Many will be visiting for a christening or wedding or other family occasion but a large number will combine this with a holiday.

• Family Groups

Pre-family holiday breaks

These are characterised by younger age groups, couples and singles either traveling alone or in groups. They have a high disposable income as they do not have so many responsibilities and will tend to head for livelier towns and cities. They look for a wide variety of activities and are quite likely to visit Tintagel, if it is not too far to travel. They would want to be with similar groups of people, so not older people or families. Internet and independent travel will be a strong feature for this group and many may arrive at short notice with little planning.

Family Holiday Breaks

Usually the less affluent in this group make a visit their main holiday but would rather go abroad. The trip to the South West may often be a secondary trip for people within this category who have a little more disposable income. The age group within this group is very wide, many having younger children. This leads to Devon and North Cornwall being very important due to the travel distance and time taken to get there, they will be drawn to the coastal and countryside areas. The wife/mother is the primary decision maker on these days out. This group will be seasonal, only really visiting during school holiday periods. Many families are looking for a ‘break’ from the children as well as looking to spend time participating in activities with them. The beaches in the area are free and therefore a big attraction when the weather is good. Therefore it is necessary to be attractive price wise as a family day out can be expensive. A good idea is to promote the beach near the castle (however access to the beach is difficult). Older children are more likely than young children to appreciate the historical aspect if it is portrayed in the right way.

Post Family Holidays

This is a very large segment for the South West market and the overall age in the UK rising so this segment is becoming larger. The overall age is probably 55+ and they usually would not be looking for activities primarily aimed at younger age groups. Attractions that would appeal are historic buildings, gardens, and leisure walks, all of this available at Tintagel. They primarily want breaks outside of school holidays as they will be avoiding families and children and will be more interested in exploring the countryside, visiting gardens and historic properties. Some of the older members of this segment will have mobility issues which would prohibit them from visiting due to the steep steps up to the castle.

• Activity Based or Special Interest Holidays or Tour Groups

People may be visiting as part of a walking club or historical group or a coach tour. These would normally be organized for the individual. This is not a large group and may encompass older post family groups. Many in this group will be looking for value for money and hoping that by traveling as a group they will be getting discounted entry to attractions but a castle visit is probably high on the agenda for the group.

• Overseas

Of overseas visitors Americans are largest in numbers and are drawn to historical sites but as the dollar has been weaker and due to global terrorism situation many Americans are staying in and holidaying in the US. The UK is an expensive destination for many foreigners to visit but for many the cultural and historical aspects of the UK can overcome the cost. Overseas visitors are likely to spend more than UK holiday makers.

. Targeting the Segments

So having identified the segments it is necessary to identify which segments should be targeted. It is necessary to consider the viability by looking at the attractiveness, profitability and accessibility of these segments.

It can be seen from Table 1, page 4, that the local residents and their visitors combined with the UK holiday makers are by far the largest numbers of visitors to the South West. Overseas visitors are in the minority so due to size and accessibility of this segment it should not really be considered viable. Many people within this group will naturally fall into other segments once they arrive in the South West. Group visitors again are a smaller percentage of the visitors to the region and are not really a viable group for targeting. However many traveling with tour companies may find Tintagel Castle on their tour itinerary as most travel organisers to the South West will be familiar with Tintagel Castle, this also makes targeting this group unattractive.

This leaves the VFR group and the family (pre, post and family) groups. All these groups are viable; they account for sufficient visitor numbers, the castle is able to offer something that suits their needs and wants, it is possible for us to reach and target these groups. The VFR group is perhaps the most viable group due to the ease of access for targeting. Most of the visitors themselves will not be responsible for the decision on where to have the day out but the local host will be. This makes marketing locally very important. When developing the marketing mix for these groups it would be necessary to take into account timing due to the seasonal variation in the visitors with family groups coming during school holidays, post-family groups coming outside of school holidays.

.4 Buying Criteria of the Segments

• Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)

The wants and needs of this group are usually (combined with hosts) interesting places to visit or days out. VFR will be looking for an activity that will be sociable and affordable. The hosts need to see the castle as something they can be proud to have locally and many of the hosts will be repeat visitors.

• The Pre-family Group

This group will need to have easy access to information and directions, the internet being an appropriate media, as availability of information will strongly influence their choice of attraction. They will be looking for an interesting and pleasant sightseeing day.

• The Family Group

This group is looking for entertainment for fair or wet weather and to include activities suitable for children. They will be looking for educational, interesting and fun days out. Cost is quite important for families. Families with very young children they will be looking for push-chair access which may be an issue due to the steep steps to the castle.

• The Post Family Group

This group are likely to be looking for such a historical site as a day out. It needs to offer value for money and be a pleasant, enjoyable and relaxing visit.

.0 Conclusions

It has been shown that the overall UK tourism market is not growing but that the South West region has a substantial share of that market. From the segmentation analysis carried out it was determined that the visiting friends and relatives group and the UK family groups were the best groups to target and the criteria that they will apply to the buying decision was discussed

4.0 References

1 LEONARD, G., State of Tourism South West � Intelligence Report [online], South West Tourism, Kingsbury Shaw, August 00 [cited October 7th 00]. Available from http//www.kingsburyshaw.com/tourismreport

KOTLER, P. Marketing Management. 11th ed. USA Prentice Hall, 00. ISBN 0-1-047150.

Promoting British Tourism [online], Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Norwich. [cited October th 00]. Available from http//www.number-10.gov.uk/output/search.asp

4 Key Facts of Tourism for South West England 00, [online], STAR UK (Statistics on Tourism & Research), Exeter, 00 [cited th October 00. Available from www.staruk.com

5 . Billion pound foot-and-mouth Cost to English Tourism [online], Ananova Ltd., [cited] 7th October 00]. Available from www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_471.html?menu=

6 Germany � Economic Conditions and Prospects [online], UK Industry, Marketing Advice for the UK Tourism Industry, [cited th October 00]. Available from http//www.tourismtrade.org.uk/uktrade//marketintelligence/marketnews/germany.asp?componentid=1086&sourcepageid=1171#pagetop



7 Inbound Tourism � UK � June 001 [online], Leisure Intelligence Travel, Mintel International Group Ltd, [cited th October 00] Available from http//reports.mintel.com

5.0 Bibliography

McDONALD, M. Marketing Plans. 5th ed. Oxford Butterworth-Heinman, 00. ISBN 0 7506 565 5.

JOBBER, D., FAHY, J. Foundations of Marketing. Maidenhead Mc Graw Hill, 00. ISBN 0 07 708668.

Appendix 1

Tourism in the UK

Tourism in the UK is one of the largest industries contributing 74 billion pounds in 001 and employing .1 million people, about 4.5% of the UK economy. It is however not a flourishing industry as the annual bed space occupancy in the UK shows this5.

17 18 1 000 001 00

Bed-space Occupancy % 44 4 4 4 4 44



On a global scale there are a number of reasons for the lack of growth in the industry; including the strength of the pound, making the UK very expensive for many foreign visitors and the Asian economic crisis in 18. In more recent times the foot and mouth disease outbreak in 001 reduced tourist numbers, it was estimated that the tourism industry lost . billion pounds through foot and mouth5. This was followed by the terrorist attack in the US which deterred many people from traveling. 00 showed an improvement but the figures are likely to be down again for 00 owing to the war in Iraq and the outbreak of SARS which will have curtailed tourist activities. Other issues have included the opening of the Channel Tunnel and decreased air fares which have made it easier for people to visit the UK. Conversely it is easier and more affordable for UK residents to go abroad. Studies carried out have shown that the UK tourist is more important to the South West than the overseas visitor. Many people see public transport as being a problem in the UK with some very publicly highlighted train crashes raising safety fears, and service disruptions due to many factors causing reliability fears.

Appendix

PESTE Analysis of the South West Tourism Market

• Political

The UK’s stance on the Iraqi war has not been popular with many countries and the UK may be boycotted by some overseas visitors for example Germans strongly disagreed with the Iraqi policy6 but Germany, after the USA, has the highest number of visitors to the UK (UK Tourism Survey 00)4. . The abolition of ‘duty free’ within Europe may reduce the number of UK tourists traveling abroad. Overall the UK is seen as a relatively stable country, although there are some fears regarding terrorist attacks.

• Economic and Occupational

This is very important with job status and earnings have a large bearing on where and how long people will holiday for, the South West is often seen as a second, shorter holiday with many people, in the position to do so, taking overseas holidays as the main holiday. Many less affluent people will choose to take a UK holiday, those who cannot afford to take a longer break and have less time may not travel all the way into Cornwall but Tintagel is not as far as many other attractions. Transport and travel in the UK is expensive, many people see public transport as prohibitively expensive for families and groups and shows that between 71% and 85% used the car as the main mode of transport for their trip, despite the high fuel prices4.



• Socio-cultural

People are greatly affected by culture, this is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavioursp18 and will define the social classes.

Peoples decisions regarding vacations will be greatly affected by reference groupsp188 primary reference groups being family and friends which are highly influential on decisions. This is important for the South West as large numbers of tourists fit into the VFR (visiting friends and relatives) group. Market research has shown that within the social groups women usually make or have significant influence on decisions regarding holidaysp188. Other social factors include roles in society, status, clubs and organisations many people perhaps visiting as part of a nature society, rambling club, historical interest group or other organized tour.

On a personal level, age and status in the lifecycle will be important with holidays greatly shaped by families i.e.; singles, young couples, young families, older families and empty nesters (older couples whose children have left home). For example couples with very young children or the elderly or those with limited mobility may not find the castle suitable for access issues. Younger couples may be looking for something more exciting. Therefore these changes in lifestyle are important.

People’s beliefs and attitudes to the SW as a whole and their perception of it is very important. The perception of the South West as a region is crucial to the success of the region. It figures favourably in many reports with people citing good beaches, better weather than other areas of the UK, a wide range of activities, good scenery and countryside, a friendly and relaxed atmosphere. However on the downside other people also perceive the South West as being heavily congested and having bad weather, also the majority of people surveyed would rather go abroad.

• Technological

Changes such as the opening of the channel tunnel have made travel for Europeans easier though this may not be significant for the South West. The increasing use of the Internet has led to a decrease in tour groups8 and an increase in the number of independent travelers.

• Ecological

The weather in the UK is unpredictable and unreliable; this deters many overseas visitors and UK visitors alike. However the South West region is perceived as having some of the best weather in the UK and combined with the long sunny conditions of 00 this may be a plus point for the future.

.

Please note that this sample paper on An Evaluation of the Tourism Industry in the South West of England and a Segmentation Analysis and Determination of Relevant Target Customer Groups is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on An Evaluation of the Tourism Industry in the South West of England and a Segmentation Analysis and Determination of Relevant Target Customer Groups, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on An Evaluation of the Tourism Industry in the South West of England and a Segmentation Analysis and Determination of Relevant Target Customer Groups will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Kitchen Made Pies

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Kitchen Made Pies has clearly been struggling over the past four years. Is this the beginning of the end or is there some hope left for Paul Dubicki? He obviously has a lot going for him right now (181). The economy has taken a turn for the worse. Fresh pie sales are slowing due to the rising popularity of in-store bakeries. They have also had credit problems with one of their top clients. However, I feel the biggest problem of KMP is their inability to control labor costs. Sales have actually been steady during these last four losing years. It has been their increased costs that have got them in trouble as of late. Can they improve their production techniques in order to increase efficiency and reduce costs?

Mr .Dubicki is intent on offering a wide range of pies. The trouble with this is the ridiculous amount of downtime the facility has every time they need to change the size or flavor on the machine. They spend 15 �0 minutes each time they change sizes. They lose another 4-5 minutes each time they switch flavors. This amounts to 16 minutes a day where nothing is being produced. The labor workers are still working and getting paid. The company just has nothing to show for it.

Mr. Dubicki’s biggest concern with purchasing a more efficient machine is obviously the up front cost of $150,000. The company is currently low on cash and is also having trouble getting credit from their bank. Their biggest customer, Dean’s Distributing (40% of sales) is also historically late with payments. The last thing on his mind is spending more on a company that is consistently losing money.

Sometimes you need to take a step back in order to move forward. Mr. Dubicki sees the short term costs of a new machine, but fails to see the long-term profits this move could bring. A more efficient machine would drastically reduce the hours needed for labor workers. They could produce the same number of pies with as many as 707 fewer hours worked per year. This would result in savings of $115, per year. The firm could simply lay off nine workers and still produce the same number pies.




Mr. Dubicki clearly has to do something fast. He seems to believe this problem will just go away. He makes way too many assumptions with little or no research to back it up. He is also very stubborn about changing the company’s ways. He believed customers would prefer fresh pies when in actuality these sold best through in-store bakeries. He also focused on high prices for high quality when he knew for a fact that customers were price sensitive. His biggest blunder I feel is ignoring the purchase of a more efficient machine. He guesses it would not work, but does not even bother to do a cost analysis.

The purchase of a new machine would be my number one priority. I suggest purchasing the machine and financing it over five to ten years if possible. This would lower the expenses to $0,000-$5,000 per year. This would more than be offset by the $115, they save in wages. This would have turned most of their losing years into profitable ones and cut a big chunk out of their 181 losses.

Mr. Dubicki keeps talking about volume. Volume is the key to success. I feel this approach is dead wrong. First of all he owns a mid-size company. This means he has neither the delivery capabilities of a large firm nor the local market advantage of a small firm. There has also been a drastic decrease of bakery sales (-1% in 181) in grocery stores. My biggest concern here is the company’s sales over the past 7 years. There is minimal change from year to year. In 175 and 176, the two most profitable years (ave. sales - $1,5,000), they actually sold less than in their worst year of 181 ($1,65,000).

The pie market clearly seems to be getting tougher. KMP has not been able to increase sales over the past seven years and they are actually considering dropping Dean’s Distributing (40% of sales). I feel this is one of those situations where you should not get too greedy. There is a limited market right now and it is only getting worse. I say make the best of what you have. There is no reason to believe due to past company history and the future of the industry that they can make money by selling more. They should go the other route and maximize profits by minimizing expenses. That would be my first step. They need to stop the bleeding and start to turn things around. Then they can worry about producing more pies and working on some kind of promotional campaign. If KMP can do this they may have a chance to get back to profitability.

181 Admin Cost assumptions

$4,100 - Paul Dubicki � owner

$5,000 - B. Britt � prod. Manager

$0,000 - C. Watson � off manager

$0,000 - L. Beard � sales manager

$84,000 - 6 office workers @ $14,000

$18,100

181 Labor Cost assumptions

7 Labor workers = 0 production + 1 driver + 6 maintenance (est)

= 81% production � 1% non production

$45,00 � actual labor costs

6,46 hours worked - $45,00 / $7.5 hr.

1688 hours per worker - 6,46 hours / 7 workers

5. hours per week - 1688 hours / 47 weeks

7. hours per day - 5. hours / 5 days

$5.0 - 7. hours worked x $7.5 / hour � ave daily pay

$1,45 / day - $45,00 / 5 weeks / 6 days = cost of running plant per day

7.8 workers per shift - $145 / 5.0 = # of workers per day

.5 production workers - 7.8 total workers .81

Downtime of Current Machinery

5 minutes - size changes (4in-8in-in) 17.5 mins per change

101 minutes - .5 ingredient changes 4.5 mins per change

16 minutes per day

1.6 hours per week

707 hours per year - # of hours that no pies are being made

New Machine (perfect machine � no downtime)

Cost = $150,000

Savings = $115, -- 707 hrs .5 production workers $7.5/hr

B/E = 1. years

New Machine (good-cuts down time by two-thirds)

Savings = $76,886 $115, (perfect) /

B/E = 1.5 years



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Poetry

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My students in World Literary Types and 17th- and 18th-century British literature courses also read this poem as a representative metaphysical lyric. Indeed, “To His Coy Mistress” teaches much about the elements of persuasion/argumentation, figures of speech, denotation/connotation, human love/sex, time, death, and immortality. The primary purpose of teaching Marvell’s poem is to help students understand how Marvell uses poetic language, what the male speaker’s thesis is, how he develops his argument, whether his persuasion is convincing, what his ideas are both intellectually and spiritually, and how committed Christians should respond to his claim. Despite the speaker’s obvious preoccupation with religious issues, however, it is not taught from the position of a Sunday school teacher. Rather than sermonizing the poem, I focus on its form, theme, and rhetorical strategy before we critique its content from a variety of critical perspectives. Indeed, one cannot integrate faith successfully into literary studies without first understanding the text and its context thoroughly; any faith-based approach to a literary work would be shaky and hollow if the approach were not accompanied by a rigorous analysis of the literary work at hand.

Typically, “To His Coy Mistress” is taught in a 55-minute setting. At the beginning of the class, I invite a student, preferably a male, to recite the poem. Then students are asked about their “gut reaction” to this work. Unfortunately, not many of them thoroughly understand this poem. They will notice that its male speaker, an erudite man, tries to persuade a reluctant mistress (a “sweetheart” in contemporary usage) to accept his proposal of physical love. Those who are unfamiliar with the conventions of seventeenth-century metaphysical poetry, however, may feel that the poem is merely “weird,” “strange,” or “sexist.” They recognize that there is something questionable about the male suitor’s use of flowery language in the first stanza. They also do not like the “bizarre” images in the second stanza “then worms shall try / That long-preserved virginity, / And your quaint honor turn to dust, / And into ashes all my lust....” The third stanza is generally less intelligible for students than the first two ones. Sensitive readers may detect the sarcastic, “tongue-in-cheek” tone of the speaker, but others do not comprehend the philosophical/religious dimension of his argument.

After devoting the first ten minutes to discussing students’ precritical responses, we move on to the major step of our discussion an application of various critical-interpretive approaches to “To His Coy Mistress.” Indeed, critical tools for analyzing this multilayered poem abound. Perhaps the most helpful, easy-to-use resource for teaching Marvell’s work is Wilfred L. Guerin, et al., A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature (4th ed., 1). This classical book of critical theory illustrates various approaches to the poem, including the historical-biographical, formalistic, genre, moral-philosophical, psychological, mythological/archetypal, feminist, and cultural studies. In class we discuss all of these interpretive techniques and their embedded critical assumptions. Additionally, two critical approaches�cross-cultural criticism and Christian criticism�are employed for an intercultural and faith-based critique of the poem, respectively. Overall, my pedagogy emphasizes multiple analytic perspectives; a close reading of the text; the biographical, historical, intellectual, and cultural context; multicultural and global perspectives; and a Christian/biblical critique of the text.

One of the most rewarding approaches to “To His Coy Mistress” is historical-biographical. Investigating the author’s life and times is an essential step toward a fuller understanding of the text; it is almost impossible to disconnect a literary work from its creator and his/her milieu. Any general encyclopedia or literature dictionary, not to mention books on Marvell himself, will offer ample background information. The author was an English metaphysical poet living in the seventeenth century. He was a Cambridge-educated intellectual well versed in classical, biblical, and romance traditions, hence a number of erudite allusions in the poem. At the same time, he was a Puritan who might not have endorsed a carnal conception of human love, hence the title “To His Coy Mistress,” not “To My Coy Mistress.” Marvell once served as assistant to John Milton (1608-74), author of the Christian epic Paradise Lost (1667) and Latin secretary in the foreign office. A member of Parliament from 165 until his death, Marvell ardently supported Oliver Cromwell and authored such famous political satires as The Last Instructions to a Painter (1667) and The Rehearsal Transpos’d (167-7). Historically, the seventeenth century, in which Marvell lived and wrote, is characterized by the ascendancy of the inductive method of reasoning and by the rising religious skepticism. The male suitor of “To His Coy Mistress,” who doubts the existence of afterlife, is clearly a product of his time.




While historical-biographical criticism regards “To His Coy Mistress” as a reflection of Marvell’s life and background, formalists focus on the form of the text. According to them, literature is distinguished from other forms of expression in its “unique aesthetic qualities”; literature has meaning(s) beyond the author’s “intent” and biography, and a discussion of literature’s qualities, themes, and functions necessitates “close reading” and an attention to its form, language, and detail (Hall 17-1). To formalists, historical-biographical information is secondary to the work’s “form,” which is defined as “a principle by which all subordinate patterns can be accommodated and accounted for” (Guerin, et al. 75). A formalistic approach is particularly helpful for analyzing poetry whose structure is more intricate, and whose diction more condensed, than other forms of literature.

Wilfred L. Guerin and co-authors model a formalistic reading of “To His Coy Mistress” in A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. We find a set of images, metaphors, symbols, and patterns in the poem which contribute to the overall form of the work. A motif that offers insights into “To His Coy Mistress” is that of space and time (“Had we but world enough, and time”); it shows that the poem is “a philosophical consideration of time, of eternity, of man’s pleasure (hedonism) and of salvation in an afterlife (traditional Christianity).” Other thematically important motifs include the sexual motif, which advances the carpe diem theme, and the motifs of wings and birds, roundness, and minerals and other things of earth (rubies, marble, iron, ashes, and dust) (-6).

The next methodology, the genre approach, is helpful in understanding the surface meaning of the poem. It attempts to ascertain what type of literature we are dealing with in the poem before we investigate its deeper meanings. Genre critics who analyze “To His Coy Mistress” will typically paraphrase the content of the poem to learn what the work says on its primary level. They will determine that Marvell’s work is a lyric poem in which the male speaker proposes sexual intercourse in the form of an argument in three distinct parts (1) If we had all the time in the world, I could have no objection to even an indefinite postponement of your acceptance of my suit. () But the fact is we do not have much time at all; and once this phase of existence (that is, life) is gone, all our chances for love are gone. () Therefore the only conclusion that can logically follow is that we should love one another now, while we are young and passionate, and thus seize what pleasures we can in a world where time is all too short (Guerin, et al. 8-). This proposition is clearly fallacious in its denial of the antecedent; the premises in the first two stanzas are true, but the conclusion is invalid. However, the lover’s suitor, a manipulative talker, does not mind his logical fallacy as long as it serves his selfish desire (Guerin, et al. ). 1

The moral-philosophical approach focuses on the moral teaching and/or philosophical thought the author attempts to convey to readers. The assumption behind this interpretive tool is that the primary purpose of literature is to teach its readers. Another assumption is that the author’s ideas clearly exist in the text and are universally accessible to careful readers. Proponents of moral-philosophical criticism include such classical literary theorists as Plato and Horatio, neo-classicist Samuel Johnson, and Victorian critic Matthew Arnold. Obviously, it would be impossible to fully understand such modern writers as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus without some knowledge of existentialist philosophy. Likewise, it would be much easier to understand Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man with some familiarity with the Age of Reason (Guerin, et al. 5-6).

From the standpoint of moral-philosophical criticism, “To His Coy Mistress” represents the themes of carpe diem and of the loss of Christian faith. Carpe diem, a theme employed by some of Marvell’s contemporary poets as well (for example, Robert Herrick’s “To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time” and Edmund Waller’s “Go, Lovely Rose!”), is inevitably linked to a non-Christian view of sex sex is something to be dallied with. Interestingly, Marvell’s Puritan background cannot explain the speaker’s cavalier attitude toward sex (hence the limitation of historical-biographical criticism). Apparently, the speaker has been influenced by such empirical scientists/thinkers as Copernicus (147-154), who proved that the earth is not the center of the universe; Francis Bacon (1561-166), who advocated the method of inductive reasoning; and Thomas Hobbes (1588-167), whose philosophy of materialism contradicted the biblical view of humanity (Guerin, et al. -). Indeed, the speaker’s argument is somewhat akin to that of atheistic existentialism which regards inner or subjective experience as more important than “objective” truth. Atheistic existentialists also have faith in every person’s ability to choose for himself for his attitudes, purposes, values, and way of life (Stevenson 78). Marvell’s speaker, who apparently has been searching for the meaning of existence, has determined that life is transitory, that there is no afterlife, and that the only option left for him is to enjoy his life fully indulging in carnal pleasure.

Psychological critics apply psychoanalytic concepts, developed by Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, and other psychiatrists, to the analysis of a literary work. Key principles of psychological criticism include (1) Human activity is not reducible to conscious intent. () Individuals move through developmental stages early in life, and traumas or experiences during that process may have a lasting impact on personality. () The psychology of authors has an effect on literary and other forms of cultural representation (Hall 105-08). Psychological critics’ view of a literary work is “psychobiological”; they see a text as a projection of its author’s “unconscious fantasies” (Groden and Kreiswirth 55). They also tend to psychoanalyze the dream and locate sexual symbolism in a work of art. Although psychological criticism has been grossly abused by some of its users, it can still offer some insights into the psychic nature of literature. From the psychological standpoint, “To His Coy Mistress” is an erotic poem replete with sexual images. Sexually suggestive phrases and sentences in the poem�“marble vault,” “My echoing song,” “then worms shall try…my lust,” “instant fire,” and “amorous birds of prey”�are indeed “a sublimation of sensual statement” (Guerin, et al. 151-5).

“To His Coy Mistress” can also be examined from a mythological stance. Myth criticism is an approach based on such works as James Frazer’s The Golden Bough A Study in Magic and Religion, 180-15), Carl Gustav Jung’s The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (nd ed., 168), Maud Bodkin’s Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (14), and Northrop Frye’s Anatomy of Criticism (157). The key concept in this interpretive tool is “archetypes” (“prototypes” or “original patterns”), universal images and motifs/patterns present in the collective unconscious; these archetypes are embedded in dreams, myths, and literatures around the globe. Archetypal images include water, sun, colors, circle, serpent, numbers, the archetypal woman, the wise old man, the trickster, garden, tree, and desert. Creation, immortality, and hero archetypes are examples of archetypal motifs/patterns (Guerin, et al. 161-66).

Myth critics will find in “To His Coy Mistress” prototypes of time and immortality. Although Marvell’s poem addresses the issue of male-female love, on a deeper level it also concerns time and immortality, the two motifs commonly found in world myths. The poem presents three different kinds of time. In the first stanza, the speaker attempts to “escape from time” to an Edenic state where the shy mistress and he may play amorously forever; the use of the subjunctive mood (“Had we but world enough, and time”), however, indicates that such an idyllic state is non-existent. The second stanza employs the image of the desert. Here time is controlled by the laws of nature, the laws of mortality, decay, and physical annihilation. In the final stanza, the speaker escapes into cyclical time hoping to gain eternity through passionate love. The sun�of “soul” and “instant fires”�is a universal symbol of life and creative energy, which merges the circle/sphere (“Let us roll all our strength and all / Our sweetness up into one ball”), the archetype of primordial wholeness and unity (Guerin, et al. 175-76).

Meanwhile, feminist criticism is interested in exploring gender issues in a literary text. Three of the key principles of feminist literary analysis are (1) Language, institutions, and social power structures have favored men’s interests throughout much of history, which has had a profound impact on women’s ability to express themselves and the quality of their daily lives. () Yet, at the same time, women have resisted and subverted men’s oppression in various ways. () This combination of male oppression and women’s resistance to it is apparent in many literary and other cultural texts (Hall 0-04).

A feminist approach is certainly relevant in understanding the “To His Coy Mistress” because the poem is fundamentally about the relations between the sexes. The male suitor considers the mistress a sex object, not as a thinking human being. The mistress is not even named. She is completely silenced; she simply listens to a fatherly exhortation from the highly pedantic male speaker. On the other hand, as Wilfred L. Guerin, et al. note, the mistress’s “pent-up power” over the male is suggested by his adulation of her beauty, by her continued resistance to his advances, and by his verbal attacks on her, all of which mask his fear of the woman (16).



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